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Benchmark datasets is an significant aspect in in many areas such as computer vision, deep learning, geospatial data as they serve as standardized test sets for evaluating the performance of models. Among many techniques of image processing, there is super-resolution (SR) which is aimed at reconstructing a low-resolution (LR) image into a high-resolution (HR) image. For training and validation SR models as a dataset the pairs of HR and LR images are needed, which should be the same apart from resolution. There is a lot of benchmark datasets for super-resolution methods, but they usually include conventional photographs of an common objects, while remote sensing data have different characteristic in general. This paper focuses on the process of preparing datasets for super-resolution in satellite images, where high-resolution and low-resolution image data come from different sources. The case of the single-image super-resolution method was considered. The experiment was performed on Sentinel-2 and PlanetScope data, but the assumptions can also be transferred to data obtained from other satellites. The procedure on how to make the pairs of HR and LR images consistent in terms of time, location and spectral values was proposed. The impact of the processes carried out was measured using image similarity measurement methods such as PSNR, SSIM and SCC.

The standard model of particle physics currently provides our best description of fundamental particles and their interactions. The theory predicts that the different charged leptons, the electron, muon and tau, have identical electroweak interaction strengths. Previous measurements have shown that a wide range of particle decays are consistent with this principle of lepton universality. This article presents evidence for the breaking of lepton universality in beauty-quark decays, with a significance of 3.1 standard deviations, based on proton–proton collision data collected with the LHCb detector at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider. The measurements are of processes in which a beauty meson transforms into a strange meson with the emission of either an electron and a positron, or a muon and an antimuon. If confirmed by future measurements, this violation of lepton universality would imply physics beyond the standard model, such as a new fundamental interaction between quarks and leptons. The Large Hadron Collider beauty collaboration reports a test of lepton flavour universality in decays of bottom mesons into strange mesons and a charged lepton pair, finding evidence of a violation of this principle postulated in the standard model.

Conventional, hadronic matter consists of baryons and mesons made of three quarks and a quark–antiquark pair, respectively 1 , 2 . Here, we report the observation of a hadronic state containing four quarks in the Large Hadron Collider beauty experiment. This so-called tetraquark contains two charm quarks, a u ¯ and a d ¯ quark. This exotic state has a mass of approximately 3,875 MeV and manifests as a narrow peak in the mass spectrum of D 0 D 0 π + mesons just below the D *+ D 0 mass threshold. The near-threshold mass together with the narrow width reveals the resonance nature of the state. The LHCb Collaboration reports the observation of an exotic, narrow, tetraquark state that contains two charm quarks, an up antiquark and a down antiquark.

Quantum chromodynamics, the theory of the strong force, describes interactions of coloured quarks and gluons and the formation of hadronic matter. Conventional hadronic matter consists of baryons and mesons made of three quarks and quark-antiquark pairs, respectively. Particles with an alternative quark content are known as exotic states. Here a study is reported of an exotic narrow state in the D 0 D 0 π + mass spectrum just below the D *+ D 0 mass threshold produced in proton-proton collisions collected with the LHCb detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The state is consistent with the ground isoscalar T c c + tetraquark with a quark content of c c u ¯ d ¯ and spin-parity quantum numbers J P  = 1 + . Study of the DD mass spectra disfavours interpretation of the resonance as the isovector state. The decay structure via intermediate off-shell D *+ mesons is consistent with the observed D 0 π + mass distribution. To analyse the mass of the resonance and its coupling to the D * D system, a dedicated model is developed under the assumption of an isoscalar axial-vector T c c + state decaying to the D * D channel. Using this model, resonance parameters including the pole position, scattering length, effective range and compositeness are determined to reveal important information about the nature of the T c c + state. In addition, an unexpected dependence of the production rate on track multiplicity is observed. The existence and properties of tetraquark states with two heavy quarks and two light antiquarks have been widely debated. Here, the authors use a unitarized model to study the properties of an exotic narrow state compatible with a doubly charmed tetraquark.

A bstract The W boson mass is measured using proton-proton collision data at s = 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.7 fb − 1 recorded during 2016 by the LHCb experiment. With a simultaneous fit of the muon q/p T distribution of a sample of W → μν decays and the ϕ * distribution of a sample of Z → μμ decays the W boson mass is determined to be m w = 80354 ± 23 stat ± 10 exp ± 17 theory ± 9 PDF MeV , where uncertainties correspond to contributions from statistical, experimental systematic, theoretical and parton distribution function sources. This is an average of results based on three recent global parton distribution function sets. The measurement agrees well with the prediction of the global electroweak fit and with previous measurements.

A bstract An angular analysis of the rare decay B s 0 → ϕμ + μ − is presented, using proton-proton collision data collected by the LHCb experiment at centre-of-mass energies of 7, 8 and 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 8.4 fb − 1 . The observables describing the angular distributions of the decay B s 0 → ϕμ + μ − are determined in regions of q 2 , the square of the dimuon invariant mass. The results are consistent with Standard Model predictions.

A bstract A combination of measurements sensitive to the CP violation angle γ of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa unitarity triangle and to the charm mixing parameters that describe oscillations between D 0 and D ¯ 0 mesons is performed. Results from the charm and beauty sectors, based on data collected with the LHCb detector at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider, are combined for the first time. This method provides an improvement on the precision of the charm mixing parameter y by a factor of two with respect to the current world average. The charm mixing parameters are determined to be x = 0.400 − 0.053 + 0.052 % and y = 0.630 − 0.030 + 0.033 % . The angle γ is found to be γ = 65.4 − 4.2 + 3.8 ° and is the most precise determination from a single experiment.

A bstract The cross-sections of exclusive (coherent) photoproduction J/ψ and ψ (2S) mesons in ultra-peripheral PbPb collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 5 . 02 TeV are measured using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 228 ± 10 μb − 1 , collected by the LHCb experiment in 2018. The differential cross-sections are measured separately as a function of transverse momentum and rapidity in the nucleus-nucleus centre-of-mass frame for J/ψ and ψ (2S) mesons. The integrated cross-sections are measured to be σ J / ψ coh = 5 . 965 ± 0 . 059 ± 0 . 232 ± 0 . 262 mb and σ ψ 2 S coh = 0 . 923 ± 0 . 086 ± 0 . 028 ± 0 . 040 mb, where the first listed uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic and the third due to the luminosity determination. The cross-section ratio is measured to be σ ψ 2 S coh / σ J / ψ coh = 0 . 155 ± 0 . 014 ± 0 . 003, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. These results are compatible with theoretical predictions.

A bstract A precision measurement of the Z boson production cross-section at s = 13 TeV in the forward region is presented, using pp collision data collected by the LHCb detector, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.1 fb − 1 . The production cross-section is measured using Z → μ + μ − events within the fiducial region defined as pseudorapidity 2 . 0 < η < 4 . 5 and transverse momentum p T > 20 GeV /c for both muons and dimuon invariant mass 60 < M μμ < 120 GeV /c 2 . The integrated cross-section is determined to be σ Z → μ + μ − = 196.4 ± 0.2 ± 1.6 ± 3.9 pb , where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second is systematic, and the third is due to the luminosity determination. The measured results are in agreement with theoretical predictions within uncertainties.

A bstract : The radiative decays χ c1 (3872) → ψ(2S) γ and χ c1 (3872) → J/ψγ are used to probe the nature of the χ c1 (3872) state using proton-proton collision data collected with the LHCb detector, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9 fb − 1 . Using the B + → χ c1 (3872)K + decay, the χ c1 (3872) → ψ(2S) γ process is observed for the first time and the ratio of its partial width to that of the χ c1 (3872) → J/ψγ decay is measured to be Γ χ c 1 3872 → ψ 2 S γ Γ χ c 1 3872 → J / ψ γ = 1.67 ± 0.21 ± 0.12 ± 0.04 , where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic and the third is due to the uncertainties on the branching fractions of the ψ(2S) and J/ψ mesons. The measured ratio makes the interpretation of the χ c1 (3872) state as a pure D 0 D ¯ ∗ 0 + D ¯ 0 D *0 molecule questionable and strongly indicates a sizeable compact charmonium or tetraquark component within the χ c1 (3872) state.