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The pyrochlore compositions Gd2–yNdyZr2O7 (y = 0.0, 0.1, 0.4, 0.6, 1.0, 1.4, 1.6, and 2.0) were synthesized, and their ionic conductivity was determined (100 Hz–15 MHz, 622–696 K). The direct-current (dc) conductivity (σdc) varies upon Nd substitution at the Gd site, and a peaking effect in σdc was observed around y = 1.0. This indicates that a significant increase in conductivity can be obtained at moderately high temperatures by suitable doping at the Gd site with isovalent rare-earth ions like Nd. The extent of oxygen ion disorder determined from x-ray diffraction was found to decrease with increasing Nd content. The dc conductivity obeys the Arrhenius relation σdcT = σ0 exp(−E/kBT). The activation energy E and the preexponential factor σ0, which is a measure of the concentration of the mobile species, increase while going from the ordered Nd2Zr2O7 to the least ordered Gd2Zr2O7. These two processes presumably lead to the peaking of σdc at an intermediate Nd content. Our results also suggest that the cooperative motion of mobile ions does not contribute much to the increase in activation energy in this compound.

The pyrochlore compositions Gd 2– y Nd y Zr 2 O 7 ( y = 0.0, 0.1, 0.4, 0.6, 1.0, 1.4, 1.6, and 2.0) were synthesized, and their ionic conductivity was determined (100 Hz–15 MHz, 622–696 K). The direct-current (dc) conductivity ( σ dc ) varies upon Nd substitution at the Gd site, and a peaking effect in σ dc was observed around y = 1.0. This indicates that a significant increase in conductivity can be obtained at moderately high temperatures by suitable doping at the Gd site with isovalent rare-earth ions like Nd. The extent of oxygen ion disorder determined from x-ray diffraction was found to decrease with increasing Nd content. The dc conductivity obeys the Arrhenius relation σ dc T = σ 0 exp(− E / k B T ). The activation energy E and the preexponential factor σ 0 , which is a measure of the concentration of the mobile species, increase while going from the ordered Nd 2 Zr 2 O 7 to the least ordered Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 . These two processes presumably lead to the peaking of σ dc at an intermediate Nd content. Our results also suggest that the cooperative motion of mobile ions does not contribute much to the increase in activation energy in this compound.

We derive the nilpotent (anti-) BRST symmetry transformations for the Dirac (matter) fields of an interacting four (3+1)-dimensional 1-form non-Abelian gauge theory by applying the theoretical arsenal of augmented superfield formalism where (i) the horizontality condition, and (ii) the equality of a gauge invariant quantity, on the six (4,2)-dimensional supermanifold, are exploited together. The above supermanifold is parameterized by four bosonic spacetime coordinates xμ (with μ=0,1,2,3) and a couple of Grassmannian variables θ and θ̄. The on-shell nilpotent BRST symmetry transformations for all the fields of the theory are derived by considering the chiral superfields on the five (4,1)-dimensional super sub-manifold and the off-shell nilpotent symmetry transformations emerge from the consideration of the general superfields on the full six (4,2)-dimensional supermanifold. Geometrical interpretations for all the above nilpotent symmetry transformations are also discussed within the framework of augmented superfield formalism.

The paper presents the spatio-temporal variation of chemical compositions (organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and water-soluble inorganic ionic components (WSIC)) of particulate matter (PM 10 ) over three locations (Delhi, Varanasi, and Kolkata) of Indo Gangetic Plain (IGP) of India for the year 2011. The observational sites are chosen to represent the characteristics of upper (Delhi), middle (Varanasi), and lower (Kolkata) IGP regions as converse to earlier single-station observation. Average mass concentration of PM 10 was observed higher in the middle IGP (Varanasi 206.2 ± 77.4 μg m −3 ) as compared to upper IGP (Delhi 202.3 ± 74.3 μg m −3 ) and lower IGP (Kolkata 171.5 ± 38.5 μg m −3 ). Large variation in OC values from 23.57 μg m −3 (Delhi) to 12.74 μg m −3 (Kolkata) indicating role of formation of secondary aerosols, whereas EC have not shown much variation with maximum concentration over Delhi (10.07 μg m −3 ) and minimum over Varanasi (7.72 μg m −3 ). As expected, a strong seasonal variation was observed in the mass concentration of PM 10 as well as in its chemical composition over the three locations. Principal component analysis (PCA) identifies the contribution of secondary aerosol, biomass burning, fossil fuel combustion, vehicular emission, and sea salt to PM 10 mass concentration at the observational sites of IGP, India. Backward trajectory analysis indicated the influence of continental type aerosols being transported from the Bay of Bengal, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Rajasthan, Gujarat, and surrounding areas to IGP region.

We have undertaken a study to evaluate the anti-hyperglycemic effect of a methanol extract of aerial parts of Barleria lupulina Lindl. (Acanthaceae) in streptozotocin-diabetic rats, based on folkloric reports its use as an anti-diabetic agent. The extract exerted significant (p < 0.05) anti-hyperglycemic efficacy at all levels tested from 4 h after its administration, as compared with the control group, and the effect was also prolonged up to 12 h. The extract at doses of 200 mg kg –1 body wt. and above exhibited a maximum activity (p < 0.001) at 12 h after administration. The most significant activity (15.35% blood glucose reduction) was observed for the group administered 300 mg kg –1 body wt. at 12 h after administration, while the standard drug glibenclamide (10 mg/kg –1 body wt.) showed an 18.80% reduction of blood glucose at the same time interval. Based on our current results, it appears that the methanol extract of aerial parts of Barleria lupulina Lindl. shows a pronounced blood-glucose-lowering potential in streptozotocin hyperglycemic rats, and is thus provided with a pharmacological support of the folklore claims of anti-diabetic activity.