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Due to extensive root system, connected rhizome bamboos are considered suitable for improving soil properties within a short period, though most of the claims are anecdotal and need to be supported with quantified data. The study evaluates seven bamboo species viz., Bambusa balcooa, Bambusa bambos, Bambusa vulgaris, Bambusa nutans, Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, Dendrocalamus stocksii and Dendrocalamus strictus for their rooting pattern and impact on soil health properties. Coarse and fine root intensity was maximum in B. vulgaris . Coarse root biomass ranged from 0.6 kg m −3 in B. nutans to 2.0 kg m −3 in B. vulgaris and B. bambos . Fine root biomass ranged from 1.1 kg m −3 in B. nutans to 4.5 kg m −3 in D. hamiltonii . Contribution of fine roots in terms of intensity and biomass was much higher than coarse roots. Fine root biomass showed declining trend with increase in soil depth in all the species. During sixth year, the litter fall ranged from 8.1 Mg ha −1 in D. stocksii to 12.4 Mg ha −1 in D. hamiltonii . Among soil physical properties significant improvement were recorded in hydraulic conductivity, water stable aggregates and mean weight diameter. Soil pH, organic carbon and available phosphorus under different species did not reveal any significant changes, while significant reduction was observed in total nitrogen and potassium. Significant positive correlation was observed between WSA and iron content. Soil microbial population and enzyme activities were higher in control plot. Considering root distribution, biomass, soil hydraulic conductivity and water stable aggregates, B. bambos , B. vulgaris and D. hamiltonii are recommended for rehabilitation of degraded lands prone to soil erosion.

The sensitivity of the hydrogen gas detector can be improved by using the extended-gate technique in nanowire FET. A ZnO-based extended-gate gate-stack junctionless nanowire field-effect transistor (EG-GS-JLNWFET) hydrogen gas device is considered for the first time in this work. Catalytic gate metal, palladium (Pd) on high-K dielectric reduces the overall work function; the concept is further used in sensor design. The presence of gate stacking and extended-gate structure together improve the gate controllability, which results in an improved current ratio. Sensitivity parameters, S I ON and S I OFF are considered for performance analysis. Results are compared with JLNWFET. The gate-stack junctionless nanowire field- effect transistor (GS-JLNWFET) shows enhancement compared to both the sensitivities in the proposed device. When compared to JLNWFET-based sensor, EG-GS-JLNWFET shows 2.59% and 24.85% improvement, respectively, in the sensitivity with respect to I OFF and I ON for a change of 160 meV in the work function of palladium (Pd). Leakage in any device must be as low as possible, as it lowers the standby power losses in the device. In this work, the proposed design has lowered the leakage as compared to the rest of the two structures. The results also show an augmentation in sensitivity with the increase in gate material work function

In this report, we have used cylindrical and spherical zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles to fabricate FTO/ZnO/Al and herbal dye-based FTO/Beet + ZnO/Al Schottky diodes. Electrical parameters of the reported organic Schottky diode have been measured in different methods to analyse the effect of ZnO nano morphology on the device performance. These approaches were found to be remarkably consistent with one another. The calculated values of the FTO/Beetroot/Al series resistance ( R s ), barrier height ( n ), trap energy ( E c ), and ideality factor ( n ) are 1.77, 0.65 eV, 0.052 eV, and 589, respectively. These values change to 1.7, 0.62 eV, 0.048 eV, and 61, respectively, after the inclusion of cylindrical ZnO with beetroot dye. The values of n and R s drop from 1.7 to 1.4 and 61 to 52 correspondingly when spherical ZnO nanoparticles are used in place of cylindrical ZnO. Again, reduction of trap energy of the reported organic Schottky diode is much higher in presence of Spherical ZnO than cylindrical ZnO. Series resistance ( R s ), trap energy ( E t ), and barrier height (ϕ) have all decreased, respectively, by 91%, 11.5%, and 8%. Using spherical ZnO instead of cylindrical ZnO results in a 17% greater reduction in R s . The disclosed devices' mobility and current conductivity are enhanced by this lowering. In this article, the used ZnO nanoparticles are not spherically perfect; if they were, this increase would be more apparent.

In this paper, dual-material dual-gate nanotube TFET (DMDG-NTTFET) is proposed. Dual gates in this regard are of the core–shell type, and dual-gate materials (GM 1 and GM 2 ) are used as control gate having work functions of φ tunnel and φ Auxiliary , respectively. The device is further explored with source pocket and various underlap gate lengths. When device characteristics are compared with the conventional NWTFET, significant improvements in I ON , I OFF , I ON /I OFF , transconductance (g m ), recombination rate, and transconductance factor (g m /I d ) are observed. The proposed structure also results in improved linearity and tunnelling in the device. The effects of the device variables, such as φ tunnel , φ Auxiliary , source pocket length (L 1 ), gate underlap length (L 2 ), and molar concentration in Si 1-x Ge x (x), on various analog performance indicators, such as transconductance factor (g m /I d ), transconductance (g m ), unity gain cut-off frequency (f T ), intrinsic device delay ( τ ), transconductance frequency product ( g m / I d ∗ f T ), and gain–bandwidth product (GBWP), have been investigated. The I ON and I ON /I OFF in source pocket dual-material dual-gate nanotube TFET (SPDMDG NTTFET) is improved by a factor of 21.11 and 846.12, respectively. The subthreshold slope achieved using the proposed structure is 18.28 mV/decade.

The electrical parameters like barrier height ( ϕ ), series resistance ( R s ), threshold voltage ( V th ) and trap energy ( E c ) of a herbal dye-based organic Schottky diode were investigated. Improvement in the outcome of the aforementioned parameters were investigated in the presence of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. It has been observed that the preceding characteristics were likewise affected by ZnO nanoparticles. It has been calculated and shown that the incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles lowered the ϕ of Al/Beet/Cu from 0.75 to 0.73 eV based on I–V characteristics. Analysis of the outcome by using Norde function shows the barrier height reduction from 0.78 to 0.75 eV for the same experiment. Hence, the results produced using two above-mentioned methodologies are in good agreement together. The incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles reduces trap energy and series resistance by 36.98 and 23.81%, respectively, improving current conduction in the bulk regime and lowering the Schottky diode’s threshold voltage ( V th ) from 0.74 to 0.45 V. The impact of ZnO nanoparticles on a variety of natural dyes, such as turmeric and indigo, has also been studied. Validation of the results for experimental dyes reveals a wider range of relevance for the current study.

Trap density ( N t ), density of carriers ( n o ) and mobility are extracted in Al/beetroot/Cu Schottky diode using the Poisson’s equation. The trap density and carrier concentration were found to be 1.25 × 10 9 and 1.8 × 10 9 cm –3 , respectively, with the mobility 124.54 cm 2 v −1 s −1 for Al/beetroot/Cu. The device shows highly asymmetric current–voltage characteristics with a good degree of nonlinearity. The diode shows an acceptable low-voltage large signal and small signal nonlinearities with asymmetry of 17.6 at 0.85 V, maximum rate of change of nonlinearity of 6 and sensitivity of 25.6 A W –1 at 0.7 V. For Al/Beet/Cu the calculated zero bias resistance is 23.3 kΩ, which is much smaller than previously reported MIM diodes. For this device f NL > 3 and f SENS > 7 A W –1 , so this present device has a great potential as a rectifier. We also proposed a one-dimensional Al/organic semiconductor/Cu diode with low capacitance. The cut-off frequency of the one-dimensional Al/beetroot/Cu device is estimated as 20.8 × 10 12 Hz and if the beet layer is replaced by Cur-M then the estimated frequency becomes 29 × 10 12 Hz. This article also reports the comparative study between a series of natural dyes-based diodes and finally the comparison with our fabricated inorganic Al/TiO 2 /Cu diode. The sensitivity of Al/indigo/Cu, Al/turmeric/Cu and Al/beetroot/Cu are 0.4, 4.3 and 25.7 A W –1 with their zero-bias resistances 2.57 MΩ, 12.8 kΩ and 23.26 kΩ. Again, it was proven by the parabolic behaviour of the d I /d V vs. V plot that all-natural dye-based Schottky diodes may be affected in some way by the quantum tunnelling phenomena. Finally, the simulation was utilized to develop predicted behaviour and a better understanding of the physical mechanisms determining the effectiveness of the device under research.

Mastitis in dairy cattle is the most common management disorder that causes higher economic losses by lowering production and quality of milk leads to substantial economical loss. The aim of this article was to review worldwide important advances in strategies to control mastitis for production augmentation in dairy cattle. Many scientists worked to identify effective strategies to control mastitis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, and others. It is necessary to identify mechanisms of infection, define clinical and subclinical states of disease, determine exposure time, and identify pathogen-specific characteristics. Evolvement of management strategies that incorporated hygienic procedures (animal, floor, and milkman), post milking standing period of animal and strategic use of antibiotic or herbal therapy at dry-off, nutritional supplementation, fly control, body condition score optimization, etc., resulted in widespread control of mastitis. The udder, teat of animal, scientific management of milking, automatic milking procedure, genetic selection are considered as important factors to control mastitis. As farm management changed, scientists were directed to redefine control of mastitis caused by opportunistic pathogens of environmental sources and have sought to explore management strategies which will maintain animal well-being in a judicial way. Although significant advances in mastitis management have been made changing herd structure, changing climatic scenario and more rigorous milk processing standards ensure that mastitis will remain important issue for future research.

Three-five layers of graphene were electrochemically exfoliated from graphite using NaOH solution as electrolyte, graphite foil as anode, and Cu plate as cathode. The effect of process parameters namely, molarity and voltage on the quantity and quality of exfoliated graphene was investigated. Results confirm multilayer graphene with high transparency is produced at low voltage (< 4V). At high voltage (10V), opaque graphene flakes are synthesized with I 2D /I G ratio in the range of 0.32-0.34 which is similar to graphite. Further, the yield vs. time plot of graphene showed that the incubation period for the exfoliation of graphite foil is 2 hours which was further reduced by 30 minutes with stirring of electrolyte. The minimum defect concentration produced in graphene at optimum conditions was 6.86x10 9 per cm 2 . The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirmed the synthesis of 3-5 layers of graphene of size 50-150 nm.

To find out the effect of reducing energy intake during dry period on milk production, udder health, and body condition, the experiment was conducted on 14 Jersey crossbred cows during whole dry period and continued up to 120 days of lactation. Reduction in energy intake was done during far-off period for each dry cow of treatment group as compared to control group. Statistically analyzed data revealed that overall significantly (P < 0.01) lower DMI and WI were recorded in control than treatment group. Overall significantly (P < 0.01) higher total milk production was found in treatment than control group. Overall significantly (P < 0.01) lower milk SCC, MCMT, pH, and EC were found in treatment than control group. Nonsignificant difference in milk fat, SNF, total solid, total protein, and fat:protein ratio was found. Overall significantly (P < 0.01) better quality milk (MBRT) was found in treatment than control groups. BCS during dry period and at calving was significantly (P < 0.01) different between groups. Significantly (P < 0.01) higher plasma NEFA concentration was estimated in control than treatment groups in all stages. No significant difference was found for plasma concentrations of glucose, urea, and total protein. The coefficients of correlation indicated significant (P < 0.01) correlation among BCS, milk production, milk SCC, MCMT, pH, and EC. It can be concluded that reducing energy intake during far-off dry period can lead to achieve optimum BCS at calving. Suitable BCS at calving was beneficial to get higher milk production with improved quality, better maintenance of udder health and body condition of Jersey crossbred cows at tropical lower Gangetic region.

In this present research, the effects of grain refiner (Ti-B) and eutectic modifier (Sr) on the microstructural feature, casting defects, and mechanical properties of Al-7Si alloys are studied. Addition of grain refiner (0.1 wt.% Ti) into Al-7Si melt can significantly change the morphology of dendritic α-Al phase to finer equiaxed grains and eutectic modifier (0.05 wt.% Sr) changes the plate-type eutectic Si particles into fine fibrous-/spherical-type particles leads to improve mechanical properties. AFM analysis reveals that combined effect of grain refiner and eutectic modifier on Al-7Si alloy can easily reduce the surface roughness and casting defects such as porosity and shrinkage. The formation of TiAl 3 and Ti 7 Al 5 Si 14 precipitates refines the α-Al grains, and SrSi 2 Al 2 precipitate modifies eutectic Si particles during solidification. Both the precipitates are identified by XRD and TEM analysis. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS, MPa), yield strength (YS, MPa), and elongation to fracture (El, %) of developed AS4 alloy are 164, 91 MPa, and 30%, respectively, which are significantly higher than those of developed as-cast AS1 alloy (UTS: 117 MPa, YS: 78 MPa, and El: 16%). The developed microstructural features are correlated with mechanical properties of the alloy by using a liner equation. This correlation suggests that SDAS and morphology of eutectic Si particles play a vital role in the enhancement of mechanical properties (UTS, MPa) of the developed alloys. The grain-refined and eutectic modified alloy exhibit more dimple formation on the fracture surface indicating more ductility.