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Safety is one of the essential and vital factors in the case of the automobile industry. The vehicle has several safety features, like airbags, seat belts, antilock brakes, etc. The car's crash box is one of the crucial safety features that absorb the initial impact. The radiator, intercooler, fender, and hood are expensive parts of a car. A crash box can shield these components. A crash box can reduce the likelihood of the occupants dying or suffering significant injuries. The crash box absorbs kinetic energy from the moving car. This absorption lowers the possibility of occupant injuries and fatalities. Consequently, crash boxes are a crucial life-saving device used in cars. The crash box can be made of different (cross-section) shapes. The different shapes and materials of a crash box are investigated in this study. The study takes into account the square, rectangular, hexagonal, and pentagonal shapes. The configurations are simulated for the energy absorption study under impact load. Crash box analysis focuses on selecting the best material for the crash box and investigating its structural designs. The best material is chosen by applying Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP).

Present study focuses on the experimental and numerical investigation of the effect of surface roughness of casing and adhesive coating on the efficiency of centrifugal pump. It consists of two parts; in the first part, effect of coating centrifugal pump casing by ultra-smooth ceramic based coating on the efficiency of the centrifugal pump is investigated experimentally. In the second part, effect of change in surface roughness of casing is investigated numerically by using the CFD tool. The surface roughness of casing is modeled in terms of effective sand grain size parameters and investigated by solving Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equation at volume mesh. Effects of three surface roughnesses, i.e., 100 μm, 200 μm and 300 μm, are investigated numerically. It is observed that surface roughness of casing has considerable effect on pump performance, and pump head decreases by 9.06–14.73% by change in surface roughness from 100 to 300 μm for different mass flow rates values. For same flow rate, centrifugal pump with coated casing produces more head than that of pump without coating. Coating casing with the ultra-smooth adhesive material results in maximum efficiency enhancement of 9.6%.

The shift to electric mobility has sparked interest in batteries and primary energy storage systems for electric vehicles as a potential solution to environmental concerns about growing pollution levels caused by the use of conventional energy sources (fossil fuels). Thermal management of the battery pack is critical to maintaining an optimal temperature range and a consistent temperature profile. The authors quantitatively studied the performance of two proposed models of thermal management systems for multi-tier Li-ion battery packs using ethylene glycol and refrigerant R134a as cooling medium, with the purpose of contributing to 'UNESCO's' sustainable development goals. Parametric variation of coolant flow velocity (0.5 to 1 m/s) and coolant inlet temperature (277 to 300 K) on the thermal behavior of two model arrangements exhibits that for all flow velocities, Model 2 having double cooling tube with ethylene glycol dissipates the heat effectively with maximum 9.26% more outlet temperature than refrigerant R 134a and maximum outlet temperature rise of 45.04 °C, which leads to improved functionality and may extend the life of lithium-ion batteries.