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In NIO1, a compact H - ion source installed at RFX operated in continuous mode, gas conditioning was needed to improve results in Cs-free regimes (up to a current density about 25 or 30 A/m 2 ). Installation of a cesium oven gave an additional increase of current, progressively limited also by a rapid overcesiation: we observed an average density about 50 A/m 2 (with a peak of 67 A/m 2 ). Obtained beam optics is briefly compared with simulations and previous results in the Cs-free regime in similar conditions (as source voltage, often set below or equal 11 kV). In both regimes, central beamlet apparent density is larger, possibly because of a narrow bias plate mask, now enlarged. Further improvements for Cs-based regime include a moderate oven reservoir temperature, careful tuning and a substantial increase of beam voltage, and power handling capability.

A quasi-unidimensional one-electron double quantum dot is studied within the framework of Shannon informational entropy. Its confinement potential, which is described by an asymmetric harmonic-gaussian function, consists of two wells separated by a potential barrier, and the asymmetry of the potential in respect to the center of the barrier is parameterized by \\(x_0\\). In this work we employ Shannon informational entropy as a tool to investigate changes in the electronic confinement resulting from the modifications in the degree of asymmetry \\(x_0\\). In particular, we notice that Shannon entropy turns out to be very sensitive to the change from the symmetric to the antisymmetric regime. Moreover, we show that Shannon entropy as a function of \\(x_0\\) for an electronic excited state displays an irregular behavior whenever the state energy is in the vicinity of a local extreme (a maximum or a minimum); connected with this we observe an oscillatory behavior of the energy of the excited states as a function of \\(x_0\\).

We have considered a system consisting of two coupled quantum dots containing two electrons, i.e., two quantum dots next to each other with one excess electron each, subjected to an uniform magnetic field perpendicular to the quantum dots plane. The effect of different confinement potential profiles under which the electrons are subjected is studied. This study has been performed in the light of interest in fundamental logical quantum-gate operations: we have been concerned in analysing the behaviour of the main physical quantities which should be involved in a two-qubit quantum-gate operation for two different profiles of confinement found in literature. Our purpose was to establish how sensitive the physical quantities are to the confinement profile and in which range of magnetic field this issue can be critical.

We study the system consisted of two electrons in a quantum dot with a three-dimensional harmonic confinement potential under the effect of a magnetic field. Specifically, two different confinement conditions are considered, one isotropic three-dimensional and the other anisotropic quasi-two-dimensional. Singlet and triplet lowest states properties as the energy, the exchange coupling, the two-electron density function and the spatial spreading of the two electrons in terms of the variance along the x-direction are analysed. In this study we employ the full configuration interaction method with Cartesian anisotropic Gaussian-type orbitals as basis set. These functions allow to explore the confining characteristics of a potential due to their flexibility of using different exponents for each direction in space. The convergence of the results, depending on the size of the set of basic functions, is examined and the oscillations of different physical quantities, concerning the singlet and triplet states, as a function of the magnetic field are discussed.

We have studied a system consisted of two coupled quantum dots containing two electrons subjected by a laser field. The effect of the laser is described by the dressed-band approach involving the concept of the conduction/valence effective mass, valid far from resonance. The interaction between the electrons and the quantum dots is described by a phenomenological tridimensional potential, which simulates quantum dots in GaAs heterostructure. In this study we have employed the approach already presented in a previous work [Olavo et al., J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. {\\bf 49}, 145004 (2016)]. We have used a code based on the full interaction configuration method. We have employed as basis set the {\\it Cartesian anisotropic Gaussian-type} orbitals which allows one to explore the confining characteristics of a potential due to their flexibility of using different exponents for each direction space. We present an analysis based on the energy levels of the singlet and triplet as function of the confinement parameters.

Consorzio RFX and INFN-LNL have designed, built and operated the compact radiofrequency negative ion source NIO1 (Negative Ion Optimization phase 1) with the aim of studying the production and acceleration of H- ions. In particular, NIO1 was designed to keep plasma generation and beam extraction continuously active for several hours. Since 2020 the production of negative ions at the plasma grid (the first grid of the acceleration system) has been enhanced by a Cs layer, deposited though active Cs evaporation in the source volume. For the negative ion sources applied to fusion neutral beam injectors, it is essential to keep the beam current and the fraction of co-extracted electrons stable for at least 1 h, against the consequences of Cs sputtering and redistribution operated by the plasma. The paper presents the latest results of the NIO1 source, in terms of caesiation process and beam performances during continuous (6{\\div}7 h) plasma pulses. Due to the small dimensions of the NIO1 source (20 x (diam.)10 cm), the Cs density in the volume is high (10^15 \\div 10^16 m^-3) and dominated by plasma-wall interaction. The maximum beam current density and minimum fraction of co-extracted electrons were respectively about 30 A/m^2 and 2. Similarly to what done in other negative ion sources, the plasma grid temperature in NIO1 was raised for the first time, up to 80 {\\deg}C, although this led to a minimal improvement of the beam current and to an increase of the co-extracted electron current.

In this work, we use the Shannon informational entropies to study an electron confined in a double quantum dot; we mean the entropy in the space of positions, \\(S_r\\), in the space of momentum, \\(S_p\\), and the total entropy, \\(S_t = S_r+S_p\\). We obtain \\(S_r\\), \\(S_p\\) and \\(S_t\\) as a function of the parameters \\(A_2\\) and \\(k\\) which rules the height and the width, respectively, of the internal barrier of the confinement potential. We conjecture that the entropy \\(S_r\\) maps the degeneracy of states when we vary \\(A_2\\) and also is an indicator of the level of decoupling/coupling of the double quantum dot. We study the quantities \\(S_r\\) and \\(S_p\\) as measures of delocalization/localization of the probability distribution. Furthermore, we analyze the behaviors of the quantities \\(S_p\\) and \\(S_t\\) as a function of \\(A_2\\) and \\(k\\). Finally, we carried out an energy analysis and, when possible, compared our results with work published in the literature.

We give a basic explanation for the oscillating properties of some physical quantities of a two-electron quantum dot in the presence of a static magnetic field. This behaviour was discussed in a previous work of ours [AM Maniero, {\\it et al}. J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 53:185001, 2020] and was identified as a manifestation of the {\\it de Haas-van Alphen} effect, originally observed in the framework of diamagnetism of metals in the 30's. We show that this behaviour is a consequence of different eigenstates of the system assuming, in a certain interval of the magnetic field, the condition of the lowest energy singlet and triplet states.

A quasi-unidimensional one-electron double quantum dot is studied within the framework of Shannon informational entropy. Its confinement potential, which is described by an asymmetric harmonic-gaussian function, consists of two wells separated by a potential barrier, and the asymmetry of the potential in respect to the center of the barrier is parameterized by \\(x_0\\). In this work we employ Shannon informational entropy as a tool to investigate changes in the electronic confinement resulting from the modifications in the degree of asymmetry \\(x_0\\). In particular, we notice that Shannon entropy turns out to be very sensitive to the change from the symmetric to the antisymmetric regime. Moreover, we show that Shannon entropy as a function of \\(x_0\\) for an electronic excited state displays an irregular behavior whenever the state energy is in the vicinity of a local extreme (a maximum or a minimum); connected with this we observe an oscillatory behavior of the energy of the excited states as a function of \\(x_0\\).

Crohn's disease (CD) is a complex, chronic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by unpredictable flare-ups and periods of remission. Despite advances in treatment, CD remains a significant health burden, leading to substantial direct healthcare costs and out-of-pocket expenses for patients, especially in the first-year post-diagnosis. The impact of CD on patients' quality of life is profound, with significant reductions in physical, emotional, and social well-being. Despite advancements in therapeutic options, including biologics, immunomodulators, and small molecules, many patients struggle to achieve or maintain remission, leading to a considerable therapeutic ceiling. This has led to an increased focus on novel and emerging treatments. This context underscores the importance of exploring advanced and innovative treatment options for managing refractory CD. By examining the latest approaches, including immunomodulators, combination therapies, stem cell therapies, and emerging treatments like fecal microbiota transplantation and dietary interventions, there is an opportunity to gain a comprehensive understanding of how best to address and manage refractory cases of CD.