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\"Drawing upon research originally cited in Ken Manktelow's highly successful publication Reasoning and Thinking, this completely rewritten textbook reflects on the revolutionary changes that have occurred in the field in recent years, stemming from the huge expansion in research output, as well as new methods and explanations, and the appearance of numerous books on the subject aimed at the popular market. The area of psychological research reviewed in this book is one that is not only increasing in popularity in college curricula, but is also making an ever larger impact on the world outside the classroom. The main areas covered are probability judgement, deductive and inductive reasoning, decision making, hypothetical thinking and rationality. In each case, the material is almost entirely new, with topics such as the new paradigm in reasoning research, causal reasoning and counterfactual thinking appearing for the first time. The book also presents an extended treatment of decision making research, and contains a chapter on individual and cultural influences on thinking. Thinking and Reasoning provides a detailed, integrated and approachable treatment of this area of cognitive psychology, and is ideal reading for intermediate and advanced undergraduate students; indeed, for anyone interested in how we draw conclusions and make choices\"-- Provided by publisher.

The area of psychological research reviewed in this book is one that is not only increasing in popularity in college curricula, but is also making an ever larger impact on the world outside the classroom. Drawing upon research originally cited in Ken Manktelow's highly successful publication Reasoning and Thinking, this completely rewritten textbook reflects on the revolutionary changes that have occurred in the field in recent years, stemming from the huge expansion in research output, as well as new methods and explanations, and the appearance of numerous books on the subject aimed at the popular market. The main areas covered are probability judgment, deductive and inductive reasoning, decision making, hypothetical thinking and rationality. In each case, the material is almost entirely new, with topics such as the new paradigm in reasoning research, causal reasoning and counterfactual thinking appearing for the first time. The book also presents an extended treatment of decision making research, and contains a chapter on individual and cultural influences on thinking. Thinking and Reasoning provides a detailed, integrated and approachable treatment of this area of cognitive psychology, and is ideal reading for intermediate and advanced undergraduate students; indeed, for anyone interested in how we draw conclusions and make choices.

This collection brings together a set of specially commissioned chapters from leading international researchers in the psychology of reasoning. Its purpose is to explore the historical, philosophical and theoretical implications of the development of this field. Taking the unusual approach of engaging not only with empirical data but also with the ideas and concepts underpinning the psychology of reasoning, this volume has important implications both for psychologists and other students of cognition, including philosophers. Sub-fields covered include mental logic, mental models, rational analysis, social judgement theory, game theory and evolutionary theory. There are also specific chapters dedicated to the history of syllogistic reasoning, the psychology of reasoning as it operates in scientific theory and practice, Brunswickian approaches to reasoning and task environments, and the implications of Popper's philosophy for models of behaviour testing. This cross-disciplinary dialogue and the range of material covered makes this an invaluable reference for students and researchers into the psychology and philosophy of reasoning. Ken Manktelow is Professor of Psychology at the University of Wolverhampton. Man Chung is Principal Lecturer in the Department of Psychology at the University of Plymouth. He has written several chapters and articles on the History and Philosophy of Psychology. K.I. Manktelow, M.C.Chung, The Contextual Character of Thought: Integrating Themes from the Histories and Theories of the Study of Reasoning. M.E. Doherty, R.D. Tweney, Reasoning and Task Environments: The Brunswikian Approach. N. Chater, Rationality, Rational Analysis and Human Reasoning. D. Over, The Psychology of Conditionals. D.P. O'Brien, A. Roazzi, M.G. Dias, J.B. Cantor, P.J. Brooks, Violations, Lies, Broken Promises, and Just Plain Mistakes: The Pragmatics of Counterexamples, Logical Semantics, and the Evaluation of Conditional Assertions, Regulations, and Promises in Variants of Wason's Selection Task. K.Stenning, M. van Lambalgen, The Natural History of Hypotheses About the Selection Task: Towards a Philosophy of Science for Investigating Human Reasoning. K.I. Manktelow, Reasoning and Rationality: The Pure and the Practical. P.N. Johnson-Laird, The History of Mental Models. G.Politzer, Some precursors of Current Theories of Syllogistic Reasoning. J. St B T Evans, History of the dual process theory of reasoning. D.W. Green, Coherence and Argumentation. A.M. Colman, Reasoning about Strategic Interaction: Solution Concepts in Game Theory. G.L. Brase, What We Reason About and Why: How Evolution Explains Reasoning. F.H. Poletiek, The Proof of the Pudding is in the Eating: Translating Popper's Philosophy into a Model for Testing Behaviour. S. Lovie, Constructing Science.

This volume is a state-of-the-art survey of the psychology of reasoning, based around, and in tribute to, one of the field’s most eminent figures: Jonathan St B.T. Evans. In this collection of cutting edge research, Evans’ collaborators and colleagues review a wide range of important and developing areas of inquiry. These include biases in thinking, probabilistic and causal reasoning, people’s use of ‘if’ sentences in arguments, the dual-process theory of thought, and the nature of human rationality. These foundational issues are examined from various angles and finally integrated in a concluding panoramic chapter written by Evans himself. The eighteen chapters, all written by leading international researchers, combine state-of the-art research with investigation into the most fundamental questions surrounding human mental life, such as: What is the architecture of the human mind? Are humans rational, and what is the nature of this rationality? How do we think hypothetically? The Science of Reason offers a unique combination of breadth, depth and integrative vision, making it an indispensable resource for researchers and students of human reason. \"Our understanding of human reasoning has undergone revolutionary change over the past four decades and those changes have largely paralleled Jonathan Evans’ scientific work. The papers in this collection reflect Jonathan’s current interests and thus offer an excellent representation of the state of the field. Contributors are all leading figures who cover the big issues, from the meaning of \"if\" to the reality and nature of dual reasoning systems to questions of human rationality.\" - Steven Sloman, Cognitive and Linguistic Sciences, Brown University USA \"This book offers an interesting combination of surveys, speculation, and new material. Scholars of reasoning will be interested to read about where the field might be heading, while newcomers will benefit from solid surveys by well-established experts. This festschrift stands as an accurate snapshot of what has happened, is currently happening and what may occur in the future of cognitive psychology of reasoning.\" - Jean François Bonnefon, Université de Toulouse and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France \"This book contains a good mix of theoretical discussions and empirical reports. The chapters are clearly and engagingly written, and the book is a useful, highly readable, and comprehensive overview of some of the latest developments in the psychology of thinking.\" - N.Y. Louis Lee, Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR of China K. Manktelow, D. Over, S. Elqayam, Paradigms Shift: Jonathan Evans and the Science of Reason. Part 1. Thinking and Reasoning: Psychological Approaches. G. Politzer, Using Syllogisms in Everyday Life. V. Girotto, M. Gonzalez, Probabilistic Intuitions. D. Green, Arguments in Mind. R. Griggs, C. Koenig, Facilitation and Analogical Transfer on a Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning Task. Part2. If. K. Oberauer, S. Geiger, K. Fischer, Conditionals and Disjunctions. P. Johnson-Laird, The Truth About Conditionals. N. Pfeifer, G. Kleiter, Uncertain Deductive Reasoning. S. Handley, S. Newstead, H. Neilens, Thinking Before you Decide on the Selection Task: Matching Bias Requires Analytical Reasoning. P. Barrouillet, C. Gauffroy, Dual Processes in the Development of the Understanding of Conditionals. Part 3. Dual Processes and Beyond. P. Legrenzi, Dual Process Theories of Thinking. A. Feeney, A. Crisp, A Conjunction of Fallacies: What Different Types of Causal Conjunction Error Reveal About Dual Processes for Thinking. K. Frankish, M. Kashmirli, Saying One Thing and Meaning Another: A Dual Process Approach to Conversational Implicature. L. Ball, The Dynamics of Reasoning: Chronometric Analysis and Dual-Process Theories. V. Thompson, S. Newstead, N. Morley, Methodological and Theoretical Issues in Belief-Bias: Implications for Dual Process Theories. M. Oaksford, N. Chater, Dual Systems and Dual Processes but a Single Function. Part 4. Rationality and Reasoning. K. Stanovich, R.F.West, M.E.Toplak, Individual Differences as Essential Components of Heuristics and Biases Research. S. Elqayam, Grounded Rationality: A Relativist Framework for Normative Rationality. Part 5. Perspectives on Thinking and Reasoning. J. St. B.T Evans, The Psychology of Reasoning: Reflections on Four Decades of Research. Ken Manktelow is Professor of Psychology at the University of Wolverhampton. He was an undergraduate at Plymouth when Jonathan Evans joined the Psychology department, and became Evans’ first research student. Part of his PhD was published in a paper with Evans in 1979. His main interests are in the psychology of deontic reasoning and rationality, and his work is reported in several books (two with David Over) and research papers. David Over is a Professor of Psychology at Durham University. He has collaborated with Jonathan Evans, publishing numerous articles and two books with him, on dual process theory and the new, probabilistic paradigm in the psychology of reasoning. Shira Elqayam is a senior lecturer in psychology at De Montfort University. She　was a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Plymouth where Jonathan Evans was her supervisor. Since then she has collaborated with Evans on several topics, as well as with David Over. Her main interests are in the psychology of disjunctive reasoning, meta-deduction, and rationality.