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Post-concussive symptoms occur frequently after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and may be categorized as cognitive, somatic, or emotional. We aimed to: 1) assess whether patient demographics and clinical variables predict development of each of these three symptom categories, and 2) develop a prediction model for 6-month post-concussive symptoms. Patients with mTBI (Glasgow Coma Scale score 13–15) from the prospective multi-center Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury (TRACK-TBI) Pilot study (2010–2012) who completed the Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ) at 6 months post-injury were included. Linear regression was utilized to determine the predictive value of candidate predictors for cognitive, somatic, and emotional subscales individually, as well as the overall RPQ. The final prediction model was developed using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator shrinkage and bootstrap validation. We included 277 mTBI patients (70% male; median age 42 years). No major differences in the predictive value of our set of predictors existed for the cognitive, somatic, and emotional subscales, and therefore one prediction model for the RPQ total scale was developed. Years of education, pre-injury psychiatric disorders, and prior TBI were the strongest predictors of 6-month post-concussive symptoms. The total set of predictors explained 21% of the variance, which decreased to 14% after bootstrap validation. Demographic and clinical variables at baseline are predictive of 6-month post-concussive symptoms following mTBI; however, these variables explain less than one-fifth of the total variance in outcome. Model refinement with larger datasets, more granular variables, and objective biomarkers are needed before implementation in clinical practice.

Since 1974, the Glasgow Coma Scale has provided a practical method for bedside assessment of impairment of conscious level, the clinical hallmark of acute brain injury. The scale was designed to be easy to use in clinical practice in general and specialist units and to replace previous ill-defined and inconsistent methods. 40 years later, the Glasgow Coma Scale has become an integral part of clinical practice and research worldwide. Findings using the scale have shown strong associations with those obtained by use of other early indices of severity and outcome. However, predictive statements should only be made in combination with other variables in a multivariate model. Individual patients are best described by the three components of the coma scale; whereas the derived total coma score should be used to characterise groups. Adherence to this principle and enhancement of the reliable practical use of the scale through continuing education of health professionals, standardisation across different settings, and consensus on methods to address confounders will maintain its role in clinical practice and research in the future.

Total pelvic exenteration (TPE) for clinical T4b colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with significant morbidity. Short (0-30 days)- and intermediate (31-90 days)-term temporal analysis of complication onset is not well described, yet needed, to better counsel patients considering TPE. A retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients with primary or recurrent clinical T4b pelvic CRC undergoing open TPE between 2014 and 2023 was conducted. Clinicopathologic variables were collected for each patient. Postoperative morbidity was classified according to the Clavien-Dindo (CD) grade system and stratified by time of onset within 90 days of surgery. Pearson's Chi-square test, Fisher's Exact test, and the Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare primary vs recurrent patient groups, and logistic regression assessed predictors of postoperative morbidity. Statistical analysis was performed using R with two-sided significance set at <0.05. Twenty-seven patients were identified of which 24 (88.9%) were male with a median age of 60.4 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 56.3-70.5). Seventeen (63.0%) patients had primary disease and 10 (37.0%) had recurrent CRC. Twenty-three (85.2%) patients experienced at least one complication within 90 days of surgery, but no mortality was observed. Ten (37.0%) patients experienced a CD ≥ 3 event, of which 40% took place beyond 30 days. The most common complication overall was anemia requiring transfusion, while the most common major complication was pelvic abscess. No clinicopathologic variables analyzed were predictive of major postoperative complication within 90 days of TPE. TPE for clinical T4b CRC carries a high risk of postoperative morbidity in both the short- and intermediate-term after surgery, with a significant proportion of complications occurring after 30 days. Given the magnitude of operation, an extended recovery with high risk for complications is common. Although a single-center series, this annotated postoperative complication profile may assist patients and clinicians when reviewing informed consent for TPE.

The Compton double-polarization observable \\(\\Sigma_{2z}\\) has been measured for the first time in the \\(\\Delta(1232)\\) resonance region using a circularly polarized photon beam incident on a longitudinally polarized target at the Mainz Microtron. This paper reports these results, together with the model-dependent extraction of four proton spin polarizabilities from fits to additional asymmetry data using dispersion relation and chiral perturbation theory calculations, with the former resulting in: \\(\\gamma_{E1E1} = -3.18 \\pm 0.52\\), \\(\\gamma_{M1M1} = 2.98 \\pm 0.43\\), \\(\\gamma_{E1M2} = -0.44 \\pm 0.67\\) and \\(\\gamma_{M1E2} = 1.58 \\pm 0.43\\), in units of \\(10^{-4}~\\mathrm{fm}^{4}\\).

The helicity-dependent cross sections for the photoproduction of \\(\\pi^0\\eta\\) pairs have been measured for the first time. The experiment was performed at the tagged photon facility of the Mainz MAMI accelerator with the combined Crystal Ball - TAPS calorimeter. The experiment used a polarized deuterated butanol target and a circularly polarized photon beam. This arrangement allowed the \\(\\sigma_{1/2}\\) (photon and target spin antiparallel) and \\(\\sigma_{3/2}\\) (parallel spins) components to be measured for quasi-free production of \\(\\pi^0\\eta\\) pairs off protons and neutrons. The main finding is that the two helicity components contribute identically, within uncertainties, for both participant protons and neutrons. The absolute couplings for protons and neutrons are also identical. This means that nucleon resonances contributing to this reaction in the investigated energy range have almost equal electromagnetic helicity couplings, \\(A_{1/2}^{n,p}\\) and \\(A_{3/2}^{n,p}\\). Identical couplings for protons and neutrons are typical for \\(\\Delta\\) resonances and identical \\(A_{1/2}\\) and \\(A_{3/2}\\) components are only possible for \\(J\\geq 3/2\\) states, which constrains possible contributions of nucleon resonances.

We investigate the hadronic reactions {\\pi}N {\\to} {\\eta}N and {\\pi}N {\\to} K{\\Lambda} via single-energy partial-wave analyses in the c.m. energy range 1080 to 2100 MeV. Our results for the K{\\Lambda} channel are consistent with prior works; however, for the {\\eta}N channel our results differ significantly from previous energy-dependent partial-wave analyses that violate the S-matrix unitarity. We present the first (new) results of {\\eta}N and K{\\Lambda} partial-wave amplitudes constrained by a unitary energy-dependent model. We obtain excellent predictions of integrated cross sections for the two reactions from a global energy-dependent solution. Our results imply that the region just above S11 (1535) has a major contribution from P11 (1710) for {\\pi}-p {\\to} {\\eta}n, whereas the large peak near 1700 MeV in {\\pi}-p {\\to} K0{\\Lambda} is dominated by contributions from both S11 (1650) and P11 (1710).

Precise helicity-dependent cross sections and the double-polarization observable \\(E\\) were measured for \\(\\eta\\) photoproduction from quasi-free protons and neutrons bound in the deuteron. The \\(\\eta\\rightarrow 2\\gamma\\) and \\(\\eta\\rightarrow 3\\pi^0\\rightarrow 6\\gamma\\) decay modes were used to optimize the statistical quality of the data and to estimate systematic uncertainties. The measurement used the A2 detector setup at the tagged photon beam of the electron accelerator MAMI in Mainz. A longitudinally polarized deuterated butanol target was used in combination with a circularly polarized photon beam from bremsstrahlung of a longitudinally polarized electron beam. The reaction products were detected with the electromagnetic calorimeters Crystal Ball and TAPS, which covered 98\\% of the full solid angle. The results show that the narrow structure observed earlier in the unpolarized excitation function of \\(\\eta\\) photoproduction off the neutron appears only in reactions with antiparallel photon and nucleon spin (\\(\\sigma_{1/2}\\)). It is absent for reactions with parallel spin orientation (\\(\\sigma_{3/2}\\)) and thus very probably related to partial waves with total spin 1/2. The behavior of the angular distributions of the helicity-dependent cross sections was analyzed by fitting them with Legendre polynomials. The results are in good agreement with a model from the Bonn-Gatchina group, which uses an interference of \\(P_{11}\\) and \\(S_{11}\\) partial waves to explain the narrow structure.

This biennial Review summarizes much of Particle Physics. Using data from previous editions, plus 1600 new measurements from 550 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We also summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as Higgs bosons, heavy neutrinos, and supersymmetric particles. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as the Standard Model, particle detectors, probability, and statistics. A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review. All tables, listings, and reviews (and errata) are also available on the Particle Data Group website: http: //pdg. lbl. gov.

Quasi-free photoproduction of \\(\\pi\\eta\\)-pairs has been investigated from threshold up to incident photon energies of 1.4 GeV, respectively up to photon-nucleon invariant masses up to 1.9 GeV. Total cross sections, angular distributions, invariant-mass distributions of the \\(\\pi\\eta\\) and meson-nucleon pairs, and beam-helicity asymmetries have been measured for the reactions \\(\\gamma p\\rightarrow p\\pi^0\\eta\\), \\(\\gamma n\\rightarrow n\\pi^0\\eta\\), \\(\\gamma p\\rightarrow n\\pi^+\\eta\\), and \\(\\gamma n\\rightarrow p\\pi^-\\eta\\) from nucleons bound inside the deuteron. For the \\(\\gamma p\\) initial state data for free protons have also been analyzed. Finally, the total cross sections for quasi-free production of \\(\\pi^0\\eta\\) pairs from nucleons bound in \\(^3\\)He nuclei have been investigated in view of final state interaction (FSI) effects. The experiments were performed at the tagged photon beam facility of the Mainz MAMI accelerator using an almost \\(4\\pi\\) covering electromagnetic calorimeter composed of the Crystal Ball and TAPS detectors. The shapes of all differential cross section data and the asymmetries are very similar for protons and neutrons and agree with the conjecture that the reactions are dominated by the sequential \\(\\Delta^{\\star}3/2^-\\rightarrow\\eta\\Delta(1232)\\rightarrow\\pi\\eta N\\) decay chain, mainly with \\(\\Delta(1700)3/2^-\\) and \\(\\Delta(1940)3/2^-\\). The ratios of the magnitude of the total cross sections also agree with this assumption. However, the absolute magnitudes of the cross sections are reduced by FSI effects with respect to free proton data.