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"Mansfield, Stephen"
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Scoring reading parameters: An inter-rater reliability study using the MNREAD chart
First, to evaluate inter-rater reliability when human raters estimate the reading performance of visually impaired individuals using the MNREAD acuity chart. Second, to evaluate the agreement between computer-based scoring algorithms and compare them with human rating.
Reading performance was measured for 101 individuals with low vision, using the Portuguese version of the MNREAD test. Seven raters estimated the maximum reading speed (MRS) and critical print size (CPS) of each individual MNREAD curve. MRS and CPS were also calculated automatically for each curve using two different algorithms: the original standard deviation method (SDev) and a non-linear mixed effects (NLME) modeling. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to estimate absolute agreement between raters and/or algorithms.
Absolute agreement between raters was 'excellent' for MRS (ICC = 0.97; 95%CI [0.96, 0.98]) and 'moderate' to 'good' for CPS (ICC = 0.77; 95%CI [0.69, 0.83]). For CPS, inter-rater reliability was poorer among less experienced raters (ICC = 0.70; 95%CI [0.57, 0.80]) when compared to experienced ones (ICC = 0.82; 95%CI [0.76, 0.88]). Absolute agreement between the two algorithms was 'excellent' for MRS (ICC = 0.96; 95%CI [0.91, 0.98]). For CPS, the best possible agreement was found for CPS defined as the print size sustaining 80% of MRS (ICC = 0.77; 95%CI [0.68, 0.84]). Absolute agreement between raters and automated methods was 'excellent' for MRS (ICC = 0.96; 95% CI [0.88, 0.98] for SDev; ICC = 0.97; 95% CI [0.95, 0.98] for NLME). For CPS, absolute agreement between raters and SDev ranged from 'poor' to 'good' (ICC = 0.66; 95% CI [0.3, 0.80]), while agreement between raters and NLME was 'good' (ICC = 0.83; 95% CI [0.76, 0.88]).
For MRS, inter-rater reliability is excellent, even considering the possibility of noisy and/or incomplete data collected in low-vision individuals. For CPS, inter-rater reliability is lower. This may be problematic, for instance in the context of multisite investigations or follow-up examinations. The NLME method showed better agreement with the raters than the SDev method for both reading parameters. Setting up consensual guidelines to deal with ambiguous curves may help improve reliability. While the exact definition of CPS should be chosen on a case-by-case basis depending on the clinician or researcher's motivations, evidence suggests that estimating CPS as the smallest print size sustaining about 80% of MRS would increase inter-rater reliability.
Journal Article
Tokyo : a biography : disasters, destruction and renewal : the story of an indomitable city
The history of Tokyo is as eventful as it is long. A concise yet detailed overview of this fascinating, centuries-old city, Tokyo: A Biography is a perfect companion volume for history buffs or Tokyo-bound travelers looking to learn more about their destination. In a whirlwind journey through Tokyo's past from its earliest beginnings up to the present day, this Japanese history book demonstrates how the city's response to everything from natural disasters to regime change has been to reinvent itself time and again. A calamitous fire results in a massive expansion of the city's territory. A debate over the Samurai code creates far-reaching social change. A malleable boy becomes the figurehead for powerful forces who change an ancient feudal society into a modern industrialized power within a generation. Utter destruction wipes the slate clean again so Tokyoites may start all over. And so it goes. Tokyo's story is riveting, and by the end of Tokyo: A Biography, readers see a city almost unrivalled in its uniqueness, a place thatdespite its often tragic historystill shimmers as it prepares to face the future.
eBook
\Watching Me as I Write\: Performing Masculinity in John Hughes's \The Idea of Home\
In country towns, John Hughes's autobiographical essay on his father, he describes his reticent subject's talen on the rugby league field--a performance not personally witnessed, as his playing days predated the author's birth. As an important site for the performance of masculinity in Australian auto/biographical writing, the sporting arena is highly codified: different sports and particularly codes of football are ascribed differing degrees of masculinity. Among other things Mansfield shares that two major sites of performing masculinity discusses here are the pub and the sporting arena, though several minor ones will also explored, including the workplace, and domestic spaces as the garage and the verandah.
Journal Article
Japanese stone gardens : origins, meaning, form
Japanese Stone Gardens provides a comprehensive introduction to the powerful mystique and dynamism of the Japanese stone garden--from their earliest use as props in animistic rituals, to their appropriation by Zen monks and priests to create settings conducive to contemplation and finally to their contemporary uses and meaning. With insightful text and abundant imagery, this book reveals the hidden order of stone gardens and in the process heightens the enthusiast's appreciation of them.
Book
Tokyo
The history of Tokyo is as eventful as it is long. A concise yet detailed overview of this fascinating, centuries-old city, Tokyo: A Biography is a perfect companion volume for history buffs or Tokyo-bound travelers looking to learn more about their destination. In a whirlwind journey through Tokyo's past from its earliest beginnings up to the present day, this Japanese history book demonstrates how the city's response to everything from natural disasters to regime change has been to reinvent itself time and again. A calamitous fire results in a massive expansion of the city's territory. A debate over the Samurai code creates far-reaching social change. A malleable boy becomes the figurehead for powerful forces who change an ancient feudal society into a modern industrialized power within a generation. Utter destruction wipes the slate clean again so Tokyoites may start all over. And so it goes. Tokyo's story is riveting, and by the end of Tokyo: A Biography, readers see a city almost unrivalled in its uniqueness, a place that--despite its often tragic history--still shimmers as it prepares to face the future.
eBook
Performances of Masculinity : the Impact on Boys' Experiences of Youth Justice
There has been a lack of research into constructions of masculinity within youth justice practice settings. Within this thesis, the perceptions of boys and the professionals who work with them are examined to understand how boys make sense of their masculinity and how this sense making impacts on their experiences of youth justice services (YJS). There has been a lack of insight drawn from boys regarding their experiences of youth justice and this thesis is the first to include a sample of boys from across different sectors of, or, working in conjunction with, the youth justice system (public, private, voluntary) and adds new insights to the growing area of men, masculinity and youth justice practice. The study is theoretically underpinned by Bourdieu's theory of social class relations and, in particular, his concepts of 'habitus', 'capital', and 'field', for their use in analysing how class and institutional structures (e.g. school, police, social service) intersect with the subjective experiences of boys. Based on semi-structured interviews with 24 boys aged between 14-22 and two focus groups with six YJS professionals, three key findings are proposed. First, masculinity is embodied by boys through offending behaviour as a means of managing themselves in their communities but, simultaneously, this helps cement their marginalisation. Second, despite the multiple disadvantages they face, the study uncovers forms of reflexivity and agency deployed by participants concerning their offending behaviour, factors which can be overlooked or downplayed. This strand of argument highlights some participants' critique of the structural/class-based constraints they face on developing a valued identity. Also, there were notable ambivalences that portrayed much more diverse male practices than has previously been associated with boys who offend, including the sensitivities and vulnerabilities that exist and intersect with their constructions of masculinity. Although adverse circumstances predispose boys to offend and guide their everyday behaviour toward anti-authoritarian thoughts and practices, this is not definitive of them. Indeed, the link between masculinity and crime revolves around continuity, contradictoriness and change in thought and practice. Third, authoritarian approaches are proposed as mismatched with the boy's habitual ways of being, which helps reproduce and reinforce a conflicting relationship between the 'street' and the 'system'. However, findings from the third sector mentoring groups and alternative education providers show that boys respond more productively to egalitarian services that are more rehabilitative and rooted in the men's capacity to change.
Dissertation