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"Marcus, George E"
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Fear, Anger, and Voting for the Far Right: Evidence From the November 13, 2015 Paris Terror Attacks
The conjecture that negative emotions underpin support for far-right politics is common among pundits and scholars. The conventional account holds that authoritarian populists catalyze public anxiety about the changing social order and/or deteriorating national economic conditions, and this anxiety subsequently drives up support for the far right. We propose that while emotions do indeed play an independent causal role in support for farright parties and policies, that support is more likely built upon the public's anger rather than fear. This article explores the relative impact of fear and anger in reaction to the 2015 Paris terror attacks on the propensity to vote for the French far-right party, the Front National, in the 2015 regional elections. Contrary to conventiona wisdom, we find that anger is associated with voting for the Front National, while fear is associated with voting against the Front National. Moreover, anger boosts the Front National vote most powerfully among far-right and authoritarian voters. On the other hand, fear reduces support for the far right among those same groups.
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Emotional Responses to the \Charlie Hebdo\ Attacks: Addressing the Authoritarianism Puzzle
The finding that threat boosts the public's preferences for authoritarian policies has been well established in the research literature. Why this shift occurs remains open as the extant literature reports contradictory findings regarding the interaction of dispositions, such as conservatism and authoritarianism, with threat. One line of research argues that threat increases authoritarian preferences among those who are more prone to authoritarianism. Another argues that it is those with a nonauthoritarian ideology who switch in response to threat. By using a two-wave panel study of the French population taken before and after the January 2015 twin attacks in Paris, we find that both trends occur simultaneously. Our results show that the factors that drive the impact of ideological dispositions on support for authoritarian policies are emotional reactions. On the one hand, anxiety led left-wing respondents to move towards adopting authoritarian policy preferences following the attacks, yet produced no such change among right-wing respondents. On the other hand, anger did not turn left-wing voters more authoritarian but strengthened authoritarian policy preferences among right-wing respondents.
Journal Article
Applying the Theory of Affective Intelligence to Support for Authoritarian Policies and Parties
Emotion, after a long period of inattention, began to attract greater scrutiny as a key driver of human behavior in the mid-1980s. One approach that has achieved significant influence in political science is affective intelligence theory (AIT). We deploy AIT here to begin to understand the recent rise in support for right-wing populist leaders around the globe. In particular, we focus on specific emotional appraisals on elections held at periods of heightened threat, including the two 2015 terror attacks in France, as influences on support for the far-right Front National among conservatives. Contrary to much conventional wisdom, we speculate that threats can generate both anger and fear, and with very different political consequences. We expect fear to inhibit reliance on extant political dispositions such as ideological identification and authoritarianism, while anger will strengthen the influence of these same dispositions. Our core findings, across repeated tests, show that fear and anger indeed differentially condition the way habits of thought and action influence support for the far right in the current historical moment. Contrary to conventional wisdom, it is anger that mobilizes the far right and authoritarians. Fear, on the other hand, diminishes the impact of these same dispositions.
Journal Article
Ethnography in/of the World System: The Emergence of Multi-Sited Ethnography
This review surveys an emergent methodological trend in anthropological
research that concerns the adaptation of long-standing modes of ethnographic
practices to more complex objects of study. Ethnography moves from its
conventional single-site location, contextualized by macro-constructions of a
larger social order, such as the capitalist world system, to multiple sites of
observation and participation that cross-cut dichotomies such as the \"local\"
and the \"global,\" the \"lifeworld\" and the \"system.\" Resulting ethnographies
are therefore both in and out of the world system. The anxieties to which this
methodological shift gives rise are considered in terms of testing the limits of
ethnography, attenuating the power of fieldwork, and losing the perspective of
the subaltern. The emergence of multi-sited ethnography is located within new
spheres of interdisciplinary work, including media studies, science and technology
studies, and cultural studies broadly. Several \"tracking\" strategies that
shape multi-sited ethnographic research are considered. The review concludes
with observations about the reflexive persona of the ethnographer as \"circumstantial
activist\" in which methodological discussions about multi-sited research
in anthropology are now being developed.
Journal Article
Civic Engagements: Resolute Partisanship or Reflective Deliberation
Why do people practice citizenship in a partisan rather than in a deliberative fashion? We argue that they are not intractably disposed to one type of citizenship, but instead adopt one of two different modes depending on the strategic character of current circumstances. While some situations prompt partisan solidarity, other situations encourage people to engage in open-minded deliberation. We argue that the type of citizenship practiced depends on the engagement of the emotions of anxiety and aversion. Recurring conflict with familiar foes over familiar issues evokes aversion. These angry reactions prepare people for the defense of convictions, solidarity with allies, and opposition to accommodation. Unfamiliar circumstances generate anxiety. Rather than defend priors, this anxiety promotes the consideration of opposing viewpoints and a willingness to compromise. In this way, emotions help people negotiate politics and regulate the kinds of citizenship they practice.
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THE LEGACIES OF \WRITING CULTURE\ AND THE NEAR FUTURE OF THE ETHNOGRAPHIC FORM: A Sketch
This article argues that the most lively contemporary legacy of the 1980s Writing Culture critiques now lie outside, or beyond, conventional texts but, rather, in the forms that are integral to fieldwork itself. Fieldwork today requires a kind of collaborative concept work that stimulates studios, archiving, para-sites, which in turn constitute the most innovative expressions of ethnography, difficult to capture in the traditional genre.
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Anger Mediates the Effects of Fear on Support for the Far Right—A Rejoinder
We are grateful to John Jost for carefully engaging with our work and presenting a different interpretation of our findings on the effects of fear and anger stemming from the November 13, 2015, Paris attacks on the propensity to vote for the far right. Jost advances a model that holds that anger mediates the effect of fear on support for the far right. In this rejoinder, we respond to the issues he raises regarding our model specification, consider his alternative suggestion, and offer some conclusions about how to resolve this debate empirically. We hope this exchange advances the literature on the impact of various societal threats on voting for the far right.
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