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Temperature of the surface layer of temperate lakes is reconstructed by means of a simplified model on the basis of air temperature alone. The comparison between calculated and observed data shows a remarkable agreement (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency indices always larger than 0.87, mean absolute errors of approximately 1°C) for all 14 lakes investigated (Mara, Sparkling, Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario, Biel, Zurich, Constance, Garda, Neusiedl, Balaton, and Baikal, in west-to-east order), which present a wide range of morphological and hydrological characteristics. Differently from a pure heat flux balance approach, where the different fluxes are determined on the basis of independent relationships, the input data directly inform parameters of a simple model that, in turn, provides meaningful information about the properties of the real system. The dependence of the model parameters on the main morphological indicators is presented, which allows for a quantitative description of the strong influence of the mean depth of the lake on the thermal inertia and the hysteresis pattern between air and lake surface temperatures.

Two different stages of demographic development with successive changes in land- use patterns and directions can be distinguished in the Beskid Niski in Poland during the past 140 years. These stages are separated by tragic events this region experienced in the 1940s (forced population resettlement). The first stage of demographic development is characterised by natural, consecutive changes comparable to other areas in the whole Carpathians. The second stage stretches from the end of World War II until the present day. The 'revolutionary' character and changes initiated by this stage are nothing like these observed in other regions of the Polish Carpathians back then as well as presently (except for Bieszczady Mountains). Stemming from rapid demographic processes most changes are observed in land-use and natural environment (unexpectedly halted anthropopression), although they also affect social structures and economic processes specific for mountainous areas.

This article presents the spatial disparities of demographic changes in the Polish Carpathians and compares them with the general demographic trends of the area in the 19th and 20th centuries. Small-area census records for towns and villages between 1869 and 1988 were collected by the author. These records provided data which disclosed new demographic phenomena and processes being formed in this region during the time considered. Using these newly discovered trends, a population redistribution model and a population development scenario for the 21st century are presented.

Greenhouse gas emissions of Lake Neusiedl, the westernmost European shallow steppe lake, were analysed to identify differences between the seasons of the years and between different locations in the pelagic zone and reed belt. Emissions of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O were measured in gas samples that had been recovered from the gas space of floating chambers operated as closed systems. Sampling periods covered all seasons except winter. Scaled up to the whole lake area (320 km²), the diffusive emissions of spring, summer and autumn totalled to about 79,500 t CO₂e, disregarding bubble emissions, winter emissions and plant-mediated emissions. The emission sum consisted of about 57,000 t CO₂, 760 t CH₄, and 12 t N₂O. Approximately one-third of the methane and carbon dioxide emissions originated in the pelagic zone and two-thirds in the reed belt (without plant emissions) whereas nitrous oxide emissions were similar in these two zones. An estimate of ebullitive emissions resulted in additional 1,765 t CH₄ that predominantly originated in or near the reed belt from spring to autumn.

Objective. To identify the knowledge of teachers about suicidal behavior in adolescents. Methods. Qualitative exploratory-descriptive study conducted in a state school in the municipality of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Twelve teachers participated in the study. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews analyzed using Bardin’s Content Analysis. Results. Three categories were built: \"Warning signs of suicide\", related to the signs identified by the professionals; \"Risk factors for suicide\", which indicate the reasons that may lead adolescents to present this type of behavior; and \"Difficulties in dealing with the behaviors\", referring to the behaviors adopted by adolescents and the difficulties of teachers before the theme. Conclusion. It was possible to identify that teachers recognize some signs of suicidal behavior, as well as some risk factors. Nonetheless, it is necessary to qualify them to approach the subject, since they feel insecure to act in more critical moments, thus generating mainly feelings of sadness, guilt and powerlessness.

Ice cover of the two Central European steppe lakes, Lake Balaton (Hungary) and Lake Neusiedl (Austria/Hungary), is characterized by high interannual variability (mean ice duration ± s.d.: 44 ± 26 days and 73 ± 28 days, respectively). For both lakes, a trend towards shorter ice duration and earlier ice-off can be observed in the 86 and 81 year data records, respectively. For Lake Neusiedl, significant trends for ice-on (+2.3 days decade ⁻¹), ice-off ( −1.8 days decade ⁻¹) and ice duration ( −3.1 day decade ⁻¹) are detected. At Lake Balaton, however, trends for ice-on (0 day decade ⁻¹), ice-off ( −0.7 days decade ⁻¹) and ice duration ( −1.2 days decade ⁻¹) are not significant. The temporal trends have accelerated for Lake Neusiedl in the past 60 years (ice duration −5.6 days decade ⁻¹). The variability of the ice parameters has increased during the 80 year observation period for Lake Neusiedl, but not for Lake Balaton. The number of melt-refreeze cycles at Lake Balaton increased at first, but then decreased during the last 20 years at both lakes.Warming trends in mean surface water temperatures for all seasons are more distinct than temporal trends of mean air temperatures. Increases of winter air temperature by 1 °C are related to an ice-on delay, a decrease in ice duration (Lake Balaton: −12 days °C ⁻¹, R² = 0.72; Lake Neusiedl: −11 day °C ⁻¹, R² = 0.54) and an earlier ice-off. Snow cover, wind speed, and solar radiation are also related to ice dates.Mediterranean Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation show significant relationships with ice phenology at both lakes whereas the East Atlantic teleconnection pattern only is related to ice characteristics of Lake Neusiedl.

Two different stages of demographic development with successive changes in land- use patterns and directions can be distinguished in the Beskid Niski in Poland during the past 140 years. These stages are separated by tragic events this region experienced in the 1940s (forced population resettlement). The first stage of demographic development is characterised by natural, consecutive changes comparable to other areas in the whole Carpathians. The second stage stretches from the end of World War II until the present day. The ‘revolutionary’ character and changes initiated by this stage are nothing like these observed in other regions of the Polish Carpathians back then as well as presently (except for Bieszczady Mountains). Stemming from rapid demographic processes most changes are observed in land-use and natural environment (unexpectedly halted anthropopression), although they also affect social structures and economic processes specific for mountainous areas.

Long-term salinity stress induces senescence, probably through an involvement of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-mediated signalling. This study identifies candidate H2O2-responsive cis-regulatory elements governing gene expression during salinity stress-triggered and developmental senescence.

This article presents the spatial disparities of demographic changes in the Polish Carpathians and compares them with the general demographic trends of the area in the 19th and 20th centuries. Small-area census records for towns and villages between 1869 and 1988 were collected by the author. These records provided data which disclosed new demographic phenomena and processes being formed in this region during the time considered. Using these newly discovered trends, a population redistribution model and a population development scenario for the 21st century are presented.

The authors attempt to diagnose the contemporary situation of demographic development in Polish cities after the fall of socialism in 1989. The paper focuses on selected issues and processes related to major urbanisation tendencies during the period of Poland’s centrally planned economy. The depopulation of cities and urban shrinkage are presented in the context of suburbanisation, some aspects of internal migration (job migration in particular) as well as international migration. Special attention was paid to rates of population change in cities, which allowed the authors to distinguish several types of rates. Moreover, a variety of factors underlying demographic changes are also discussed.