Explore the vast range of titles available.

A transient numerical analysis of natural convection of near-freezing water in a cavity with lateral openings and internal heat sources is carried out to investigate the influence of the heat dissipation rate in the flow configuration. The heat sources were positioned to create buoyancy-opposing and buoyancy-assisted conditions simultaneously and the top and bottom walls are kept at 0◦C. The non-linear dependence of the physical properties with temperature is considered in the governing equations. Based on the heat dissipation rate, six different regimes were observed and classified through a qualitative analysis of the temporal evolution of the velocity and temperature fields. The characteristics of heat transfer for each regime are analyzed to define the most important mechanisms of heat removal. In the upper layer (heated from below), the buoyancy forces eventually overcome the viscous forces and unsteady thermal plumes are formed, in-creasing the heat removal through the openings, while the heat transfer with the top wall is not significant. In the lower layer, the development of wave-like instabilities leads to oscillatory regimes for intermediate heat dissipation rates, while for high dissipation rates a steady convective regime is observed. This behavior increases the heat transfer with the bottom wall, making it much more significant when compared with the upper layer.

In this study an inverse heat conduction problem using two optimization methods to estimate apparent thermal diffusivity at different drying temperatures is solved. Temperature and moisture versus time were obtained numerically using heat and mass transfer equations with drying temperatures in the range between 20°C to 70°C. The solution of the partial differential equation is made with a finite difference method coupled to optimization techniques of Differential Evolution (DE) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) used in inverse problem. Statistical analysis shows no significant differences between reported and estimated curves, and no remarkable differences between results obtained using DE and PSO in 30 runs. The convective and evaporative effects and shrinkage assumptions in the model provides greater reliability on the calculated thermal diffusivity.

This study presents a Cartesian grid method and its application to solve a steady flow in a lid-driven triangular two-dimensional cavity. The evolution of stream function and vorticity inside a triangular lid-driven cavity, when the Reynolds number changes from 1 to 6000, is presented. For space discretization on the interior of triangular cavity orthogonal Cartesian grid is used. Then, using this grid, trapezoidal volumes appear in the interface between solid and fluid. For a suitable treatment of these volumes the Eulerian-Lagrangian methodology is used. The Navier-Stokes equations are solved numerically using finite-volume method. On the basis of the numerical studies reported here it seems that the method under investigation has no difficulty at capturing the formation of primary, secondary and tertiary vortices as Reynolds number increases. It is observed also that the interior of the primary vortex has almost constant stream function and vorticity for reasonably large Reynolds number. Highly accurate benchmark results are provided including new global quantities as the kinetic energy and the enstrophy.

An application of Newton's method for linearization of advective terms given by the discretization on unstructured Voronoi meshes for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations is proposed and evaluated in this article. One of the major advantages of the unstructured approach is its application to very complex geometrical domains and the mesh is adaptable to features of the flow. Moreover, in this work comparisons with the literature results in bi-dimensional lid-driven cavities for different Reynolds numbers allow us to assess the numerical properties of the new proposed finite-volume scheme. Results for the components of the velocity, and the pressure collocated at the centers of the control volumes are presented and discussed. On the basis of the numerical experiments reported in this article is seems that the method under investigation has no difficulty at capturing the formation of primary and secondary vortices as Reynolds number increases.

The main aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of a Eulerian-Lagrangian methodology (ELAFINT) to accurately deal with incompressible viscous steady flow in a domain with corners and curved boundaries. Thus, a two-dimensional lid-driven cavity with an irregular bottom was selected. The equations that govern the flow are discretized using the finite-volume method with a Cartesian grid. The evolution of the velocity fields, stream function and vorticity in the irregular cavity when the Reynolds number increases from 500 to 6000 is captured by the method under investigation. The results show that with an increase in the Reynolds number there is the development of new vortices in the flow and also a reduction in the kinetic energy.

This study aimed to investigate the role of baseline levels of peripheral inflammation when testing the efficacy of antidepressant augmentation with minocycline in patients with treatment-resistant depression. We conducted a 4-week, placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trial of minocycline (200 mg/day) added to antidepressant treatment in 39 patients selected for elevated levels of serum C-reactive protein (CRP ≥ 1 mg/L), n = 18 randomised to minocycline (M) and n = 21 to placebo (P). The main outcome was the change in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D-17) score from baseline to week 4, expressed both as mean and as full or partial response, in the overall sample and after further stratification for baseline CRP≥3 mg/L. Secondary outcomes included changes in other clinical and inflammatory measures. Changes in HAM-D-17 scores and the proportion of partial responders did not differ between study arms. After stratification for CRP levels <3 mg/L (CRP−) or ≥3 mg/L (CRP+), CRP+/M patients showed the largest changes in HAM-D-17 scores (mean ± SD = 12.00 ± 6.45) compared with CRP-/M (2.42 ± 3.20, p < 0.001), CRP+/P (3.50 ± 4.34, p = 0.003) and CRP−/P (2.11 ± 3.26, p = 0.006) patients, and the largest proportion (83.3%, p = 0.04) of partial treatment response at week 4. The threshold point for baseline CRP to distinguish responders from non-responders to minocycline was 2.8 mg/L. Responders to minocycline had higher baseline IL-6 concentrations than non-responders (p = 0.03); IFNγ was significantly reduced after treatment with minocycline compared with placebo (p = 0.03). Our data show some evidence of efficacy of add-on treatment with minocycline in MDD patients but only in those with low-grade inflammation defined as CRP ≥3 mg/L.

Radioactivity was recently discovered as a source of decoherence and correlated errors for the real-world implementation of superconducting quantum processors. In this work, we measure levels of radioactivity present in a typical laboratory environment (from muons, neutrons, and γ -rays emitted by naturally occurring radioactive isotopes) and in the most commonly used materials for the assembly and operation of state-of-the-art superconducting qubits. We present a GEANT-4 based simulation to predict the rate of impacts and the amount of energy released in a qubit chip from each of the mentioned sources. We finally propose mitigation strategies for the operation of next-generation qubits in a radio-pure environment.

Background:Among systemic manifestations of Sjögren disease (SD) those related to the nervous system severely affect the patient’s quality of life but remain a clinical challenge due to the difficulty of SD attribution and the limitations/lack of access to the diagnostic procedures. SD patients perceive recognising and managing neurological manifestations as a major unmet need.Objectives:To explore the perspective and individual experience of patients with SD regarding neurological symptomsMethods:An anonymous online survey targeting patients with SD with or without neurological symptoms was developed in English and translated into six languages for distribution via patient associations (newsletters, social media, forums). Neurological symptoms were defined according to the existing literature and extracted from validated patient-reported outcomes (e.g., the modified Toronto Clinical Neuropathy Score). We did not predefine quota for clinical and demographic characteristics. Free text was translated using DeepL® and native speaking co-investigators were consulted in case of doubt.Results:A total of 3,393 valid responses (97% females) from SD patients based in 58 countries worldwide were collected (Figure 1). Respondents were mainly aged 50-70 years (55%) or 30-49 years (31%), and the mean disease duration was eight years. The mean patient global assessment of the previous week was 7.2 (standard deviation 2.4), and the mean global health (anchor 0=best and 10=worst) was 6.3. 2,631 respondents (77%) were treated with one or more immune suppressive agents, 1647 respondents (48%) had at least another autoimmune disease, and 1,986 (58%) had at least another non-autoimmune comorbidity. In particular, two hundred and fifty-nine patients (8%) reported a coexisting diagnosis of fibromyalgia, and less than 2% had a history of cancer. A proportion of patients ranging from 1’594 to 2’816 (47-83%) had experienced at least once one or more neurological symptoms listed in the survey (Figure 2). Among these, 45-91% reported that these symptoms had a medium or high impact on their quality of life. 857 (30%) symptomatic patients reported that one or more of their symptoms were defined as “untreatable” by the physicians. More than 50% (n=1,431) of symptomatic patients perceived that their rheumatologist/clinical immunologist/internal medicine specialist underestimated their neurological symptoms. Only 367 of the total 3393 patients (13%) reported having received adequate information about possible neurological manifestations of SD. Six hundred symptomatic patients (21%) reported the neurological manifestations being attributed to SD, and this diagnosis was mainly performed by a neurologist (54%) or a rheumatologist/immunologist/internal medicine specialist (30%). 335 (12%) of the symptomatic patients were diagnosed with dysautonomia, and the diagnosis was mainly performed by a neurologist (55%), a rheumatologist (21%) or a cardiologist (13%). Treatment was prescribed to 596 (99%) of patients diagnosed with SD-neurological manifestations, but only 110 (18%) reported that it improved “significantly” or “completely” their quality of life. Care satisfaction was very poor (mean 3.5 on a 0-10 scale). Free text comments highlighted feelings of discomfort arising from a lack of information and counselling on neurological symptoms.Conclusion:Patients with SD often experience neurological symptoms that, regardless of the cause (SD or comorbidities), severely impact their quality of life. Trustful and open physician-patient communication is needed not only to recognise the symptoms and facilitate the identification of the cause of neurological symptoms and the appropriate therapeutic strategy but also to improve the capability to cope with symptoms for which an effective treatment is still lacking.Figure 1.Geographic distribution of respondents (N=58 countries)Figure 2.Frequency of neurological symptoms in patients with SDREFERENCES:NIL.Acknowledgements:NIL.Disclosure of Interests:None declared.

Individuality is a striking feature of animal behavior. Individual animals differ in traits and preferences which shape their interactions and their prospects for survival. However, the mechanisms underlying behavioral individuation are poorly understood and are generally considered to be genetic-based. Here, we devised a large environment, Souris City, in which mice live continuously in large groups. We observed the emergence of individual differences in social behavior, activity levels, and cognitive traits, even though the animals had low genetic diversity (inbred C57BL/6J strain). We further show that the phenotypic divergence in individual behaviors was mirrored by developing differences in midbrain dopamine neuron firing properties. Strikingly, modifying the social environment resulted in a fast re-adaptation of both the animal’s traits and its dopamine firing pattern. Individuality can rapidly change upon social challenges, and does not just depend on the genetic status or the accumulation of small differences throughout development. Individual animals differ in behavioral traits, but the mechanisms underlying individuation are unclear. Here, the authors show that mice living in a ‘city’ develop individual behavior differences, associated with changes in dopamine cell firing, that can be reversed on moving them to a different social environment.

SBND is the near detector of the Short-Baseline Neutrino program at Fermilab. Its location near to the Booster Neutrino Beam source and relatively large mass will allow the study of neutrino interactions on argon with unprecedented statistics. This paper describes the expected performance of the SBND photon detection system, using a simulated sample of beam neutrinos and cosmogenic particles. Its design is a dual readout concept combining a system of 120 photomultiplier tubes, used for triggering, with a system of 192 X-ARAPUCA devices, located behind the anode wire planes. Furthermore, covering the cathode plane with highly-reflective panels coated with a wavelength-shifting compound recovers part of the light emitted towards the cathode, where no optical detectors exist. We show how this new design provides a high light yield and a more uniform detection efficiency, an excellent timing resolution and an independent 3D-position reconstruction using only the scintillation light. Finally, the whole reconstruction chain is applied to recover the temporal structure of the beam spill, which is resolved with a resolution on the order of nanoseconds.