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The events of September 11, 2001 sharply revived governmental and societal anxieties in many democratic countries concerning the threats posed by terrorism, organized crime, the proliferation and use of weapons of mass destruction, and other complex security threats. In many countries, public discourse of subjects traditionally considered part of social policy, such as immigration and asylum, have been securitized, while intelligence services have been granted greater resources and expanded powers. This comprehensive volume discusses the various challenges of establishing and maintaining accountable and democratically controlled intelligence services, drawing both from states with well-established democratic systems and those emerging from authoritarian systems and in transition towards democracy. It adopts a multidisciplinary and comparative approach, identifying good practices to make security services accountable to society and its democratic representatives. The volume will engage both academics and practitioners in the discussion of how to anchor these vital yet inherently difficult to control institutions within a firmly democratic framework. As such, it has clear relevance for these concerned with the control and oversight of intelligence and security issues in many countries.

[...]the accelerated data-generating technologies of today demand a different management model founded on data security and cross-sectoral, holistic approaches to data governance.5 Moreover, the safe use of exponential technologies in any security domain requires supplying reliable data to responsible agencies. [...]governments need to acquire skills in data governance alongside traditional governance practices. Among the critical elements are small pieces of hardware such as processors, graphics cards, and miniature webcams, or intangibles such as dedicated software, algorithms, or technical know-how associated with machine learning and AI development. [...]these innovative technologies tend to be dual-use. [...]the governments of today need to find ways to cooperate effectively with large private enterprises, small startups, NGOs, universities, research institutes, and even individuals. According to the recent survey, a majority of Europeans (85%) described fake news as a problem in their countries.

The experiences of post-communist states since 1989 present an opportunity to examine critical issues surrounding the transformation of police and domestic intelligence agencies in a context of profound political, economic and social change. Those internal security institutions had been directly responsible for defending the previous communist party-state regime from its internal enemies and political opposition through the use of coercive powers of arrest and detention, surveillance, informant networks and other forms of control over the state's citizens. Were the new democratic governments able to successfully transform repressive domestic intelligence agencies and police forces into institutions rooted in respect for citizens' rights, elected civilian control, and accountability, and what were some of the main factors that encouraged, or impeded, that reform? -- The establishment of democratic control and accountability of police and domestic intelligence agencies is examined in three Central and East European states emerging from state socialism between 1989 and 2008. Drawing from the literature on democratisation, three important influences on the democratic reform process are posited to be the communist legacy, constraints on executive action, and external actors. In its analysis of possible drivers of internal security reform, the study focuses on those reforms that are believed to most critically distinguish internal security systems in democratic states from those in authoritarian states - i.e., the development of accountability, rule of law and propriety, respect for human rights, transparency and responsiveness.

Some of the problems being encountered in the area of civil-military relations in Central Europe and Eastern Europe are examined. Effective democratic civilian control of armed forces is the goal of these countries.

Intelligence has become an inescapable necessity for any modern government. Only a few states around the world believe that they can do without intelligence services and no state is unaffected by the unwarranted curiosity of its neighbors, nor is any state entirely safe from non-state threats such as terrorism. With the end of the Cold War, many believed that intelligence services had lost their enemies and focus, and were searching for new missions to justify their existence. Many voices in Western parliaments advocated a massive slashing of intelligence budgets. The set of tasks assigned to intelligence services is both more complex and more numerous than during the Cold War. Bosnia and Kosovo have represented what appears to be the new pattern of intelligence support for international intervention of all kinds. All those responsible for such operations, from the United Nations Secretary-General downwards, have emphasized the need for good intelligence.