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Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) infections, caused primarily by HSV-1 and HSV-2, are among the most prevalent viral diseases worldwide, with recurrent manifestations that significantly affect quality of life. Therapeutic strategies include both topical and systemic interventions, each with distinct goals. This systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (2005–2025) identified studies evaluating topical or systemic treatments for HSV. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials and observational studies reporting validated clinical outcomes. Topical treatments, including acyclovir cream, docosanol, and newer formulations, primarily reduce lesion duration and alleviate local symptoms when applied early. These interventions have limited systemic absorption and generally do not influence recurrence frequency. Novel delivery methods and combination strategies, such as acyclovir–hydrocortisone formulations or photodynamic therapy, may enhance local efficacy and symptom control. Systemic Therapies: Systemic antivirals, such as acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir, target both lesion resolution and recurrence prevention. Evidence from randomized trials supports their use for episodic and suppressive therapy, including short-course, high-dose regimens that improve adherence while controlling symptoms. Systemic therapy is particularly indicated for recurrent, disseminated, or high-risk infections. Topical and systemic therapies serve complementary roles in HSV management. Topical agents are useful for localized or initial episodes, while systemic therapy addresses broader clinical objectives, including recurrence reduction. Future research should focus on mechanism-based therapies, novel delivery systems, and standardized outcome measures to guide personalized treatment strategies. Emerging therapies targeting viral latency, immune modulation, and gene-editing technologies hold promise for long-term suppression and personalized management of HSV infections.

This systematic review aimed to summarize the effects of astaxanthin (ASX) supplementation on oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic regulation in human studies. A systematic search was conducted in Scopus, Web of Science (WOS), and PubMed for articles published between 2020 and 2025. Fifteen studies involving human participants were included, while in vitro and animal studies were excluded. ASX consistently reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β1) and oxidative stress indices while increasing antioxidant capacity (SOD, TAC). Combined ASX and exercise interventions improved body composition, lipid profiles, insulin sensitivity, and immune recovery. In women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) or endometriosis, ASX downregulated endoplasmic reticulum stress–related apoptotic pathways and improved oocyte and embryo quality. Cardiometabolic and respiratory outcomes showed improved endothelial function and reduced disease severity. Astaxanthin demonstrates broad antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, supporting its role as a promising adjunctive therapy for metabolic, reproductive, and cardiovascular health. Further well-designed clinical trials are needed to confirm optimal dosing and mechanisms of action.

Background: Elastodontics is a specific interceptive orthodontic treatment that uses removable elastomeric appliances. They are functional appliances that produce neuromuscular, orthopedic and dental effects. Thus, these devices are useful in the developmental age, when skeletal structures are characterized by important plasticity and adaptation capacity, allowing to remove factors responsible for malocclusions. Elastomeric devices are generally well tolerated by patients requiring simple collaboration and management. This work can be useful to update all orthodontists already adopting these appliances or for those who want to approach them for the first time. This study aimed to describe four cases treated with new elastomeric devices called AMCOP Bio-Activators and to provide an overview of elastodontics, its evolution, indications and limits. Methods: A total of four clinical cases were presented after a treatment period of 16–20 months to evaluate the clinical and radiological effects of the elastodontic therapy. Results: The effectiveness of Bio-Activators on clinical cases was evidenced with a significant improvement in skeletal and dentoalveolar relationship, and malocclusion correction in a limited treatment period (16–20 months). Conclusions: The Bio-Activators showed clinical effectiveness to achieve therapeutic targets according to a low impact on the patient’s compliance.

Pharyngeal airway morphology is closely linked to craniofacial development, and children with Class II malocclusion—often characterized by mandibular retrusion—may present reduced airway dimensions and a higher risk of obstructive sleep apnea. This retrospective single-center study evaluated whether functional orthodontic appliances can improve pharyngeal airway space by promoting mandibular advancement during growth. Fifty patients aged 6–12 years with skeletal Class II malocclusion (ANB > 4°) were treated with a Twin Block appliance (n = 18), Rapid Palatal Expander (RPE; n = 16), or AMCOP® elastodontic device (n = 16). Pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalograms were analyzed to assess skeletal (SNA, SNB, ANB, Co–Gn), dentoalveolar (overjet, overbite, IMPA), and pharyngeal airway variables (SPAS, MAS, PAS). Intra-group changes were tested with paired t-tests and inter-group differences with one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests (α = 0.05). All appliances produced statistically significant increases in pharyngeal airway dimensions. The Twin Block group showed the greatest improvements, with mean increases of 2.1 mm in SPAS (p < 0.001), 1.8 mm in MAS (p < 0.001), and 1.5 mm in PAS (p < 0.001), together with a significant mandibular advancement (ΔSNB = +1.7°; ΔANB = −1.5°) and elongation of mandibular length (ΔCo–Gn = +3.3 mm). RPE and AMCOP® induced more moderate, yet significant, skeletal and airway changes (RPE: SPAS +1.4 mm, p = 0.006; MAS +0.9 mm, p = 0.009; PAS +0.8 mm, p = 0.022; AMCOP®: SPAS +0.9 mm, p = 0.034; MAS +0.9 mm, p = 0.041; PAS +0.6 mm, p = 0.037). Within the limitations of this small, retrospective single-center sample, the findings indicate that functional orthodontic treatment during growth may be associated with increases in pharyngeal airway dimensions in Class II patients. Among the appliances evaluated, the Twin Block showed the most pronounced skeletal and morphological airway changes.

Background: Bovine bone-derived xenografts are widely used in regenerative dental procedures due to their osteoconductive properties and volumetric stability. However, their long-term behavior and biological integration remain a subject of debate. This systematic review aims to critically assess the histological and clinical outcomes associated with bovine xenografts over extended follow-up periods. Methods: An electronic search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, including studies published in the English language from 2005 to 2025 for a total of 217 records, which were initially identified from PubMed, Scopus, and Wos. Results: After duplicate removal, following title/abstract screening and full-text evaluation, 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. These studies reported on the use of bovine-derived xenografts in clinical contexts, assessing parameters such as graft integration, histological remodeling, complication incidence (e.g., chronic inflammation or foreign body reactions), and implant success rates over time. Conclusions: The current evidence suggests that bovine-derived xenografts, particularly Bio-Oss®, are associated with favorable long-term outcomes in bone regenerative procedures, demonstrating satisfactory graft integration and implant survival rates. However, variations in study design, follow-up duration, and outcome measures warrant further high-quality, long-term randomized clinical trials to confirm these findings and guide clinical decision-making.

Background: This study explores the link between oral biofluids, microbial dysbiosis, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), highlighting saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) as non-invasive diagnostic sources. AD onset and progression appear to be influenced not only by genetic and environmental factors but also by changes in the oral microbiome and related inflammatory and metabolic alterations. As global populations age, the incidence of AD is projected to rise significantly. Emerging evidence implicates the oral microbiome and salivary metabolites in neurodegenerative pathways, suggesting that oral health may mirror or influence brain pathology. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of recent multi-omics studies was performed, focusing on salivary and GCF analysis in patients with AD, those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and cognitively healthy individuals. Databases searched included PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, following PRISMA guidelines. Results: Across the 11 included studies, significant alterations were reported in both the salivary microbiome and metabolome in AD patients. Notable microbial shifts involved increased abundance of Veillonella parvula and Porphyromonas gingivalis, while key metabolites such as L-tyrosine, galactinol, and mannitol were consistently dysregulated. These biomarkers correlated with cognitive performance and systemic inflammation. Conclusions: Oral biofluids represent promising, accessible sources of biomarkers for early AD detection. Multi-omics integration reveals the oral–brain axis as a potential target for diagnosis, monitoring, and therapeutic strategies.

Objectives: Recently, there has been great interest in teeth and their derivatives as suitable substrates for the treatment of alveolar bone defects. This retrospective study evaluates the clinical and radiographic outcomes of implants inserted in a site that underwent GBR procedure using a tooth derivate material. Materials and methods: A total of 21 patients received a GBR using an autologous extracted tooth. Four months after the GBR techniques, the implants were inserted and were followed for an average of 5.28 + −1.10 years after loading. The X-ray was analyzed after a period of 63.36 + −13.2 months for a total follow-up period. Results: A total of 28 implants were inserted. All the implants were clinically functional after the follow-up period. The average bone loss from the X-ray images was 0.1208 + −0.1307. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, the use of a tooth as a graft using a tooth transformer device guarantees the production of bone and maintenance over time.

Aim: This retrospective observational clinical cohort study evaluated 84-month clinical and radiographic outcomes of a regenerative protocol combining autologous dentin grafts processed with the Tooth Transformer® device and Concentrated Growth Factors (CGFs) in patients with severe maxillary atrophy undergoing sinus augmentation with simultaneous implant placement. Materials and Methods: Thirty-one patients (30–75 years) with residual crestal bone height ≥ 5 mm and requiring extraction of ≥2 molars were included. Extracted teeth were processed with the Tooth Transformer® to obtain demineralized dentin granules (500–1000 µm), which were combined with CGFs prepared using the Medifuge MF200® to form “sticky bone.” All patients underwent sinus lift via a lateral window approach (Hilt Tatum technique) with simultaneous placement of 98 implants (12–14 mm), which were loaded after six months. Results: At the 84-month follow-up, no implant failures or peri-implantitis were recorded. CBCT and clinical evaluations showed stable regenerated bone volume and absence of peri-implant bone resorption. All patients received fixed prostheses within six months without complications. Conclusions: The combined use of processed autologous dentin and CGFs proved to be a safe, predictable, and effective regenerative technique in cases of severe maxillary atrophy, with a 100% implant survival rate at five years.

The oral microbiota plays a vital role in the human microbiome and oral health. Imbalances between microbes and their hosts can lead to oral and systemic disorders such as diabetes or cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this review is to investigate the literature evidence of oral microbiota dysbiosis on oral health and discuss current knowledge and emerging mechanisms governing oral polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis; both have enhanced our understanding of pathogenic mechanisms and aided the design of innovative therapeutic approaches as ORALBIOTICA for oral diseases such as demineralization. PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, Cochrane Library, EMBEDDED, Dentistry & Oral Sciences Source via EBSCO, APA PsycINFO, APA PsyArticles, and DRUGS@FDA were searched for publications that matched our topic from January 2017 to 22 April 2022, with an English language constraint using the following Boolean keywords: (“microbio*” and “demineralization*”) AND (“oral microbiota” and “demineralization”). Twenty-two studies were included for qualitative analysis. As seen by the studies included in this review, the balance of the microbiota is unstable and influenced by oral hygiene, the presence of orthodontic devices in the oral cavity and poor eating habits that can modify its composition and behavior in both positive and negative ways, increasing the development of demineralization, caries processes, and periodontal disease. Under conditions of dysbiosis, favored by an acidic environment, the reproduction of specific bacterial strains increases, favoring cariogenic ones such as Bifidobacterium dentium, Bifidobacterium longum, and S. mutans, than S. salivarius and A. viscosus, and increasing of Firmicutes strains to the disadvantage of Bacteroidetes. Microbial balance can be restored by using probiotics and prebiotics to manage and treat oral diseases, as evidenced by mouthwashes or dietary modifications that can influence microbiota balance and prevent or slow disease progression.

The article describes the orthodontically treated case of a 25-year-old patient with skeletal and dental class III malocclusion, anterior crossbite, which caused functional and aesthetic problems, occlusal trauma, and incisor wear. Treatment with transparent aligners was proposed to meet the patient’s needs, using the sequential distalization protocol. While sequential distalization is well documented for class II malocclusion treatment in maxillary arch teeth, further investigations are necessary for class III malocclusions. In fact, lower teeth movements are more complex due to mandibular bone density and the presence of the third molars, which are often extracted to perform distalization. In addition, the use of intermaxillary elastics helps control the proclination of the anterior teeth as a reaction to distalizing forces. At the end of the treatment, the patient reached molar and canine class I and positive overjet and overbite. The inclination of lower incisors and the interincisal angle have improved, resulting in aesthetic and functional enhancement.