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"Markowitz, P."
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State erosion : unlootable resources and unruly elites in Central Asia
\"State failure is a central challenge to international peace and security in the post-Cold War era. Yet theorizing on the causes of state failure remains surprisingly limited. In State Erosion, Lawrence P. Markowitz draws on his extensive fieldwork in two Central Asian republics--Tajikistan, where state institutions fragmented into a five-year civil war from 1992 through 1997, and Uzbekistan, which constructed one of the largest state security apparatuses in post-Soviet Eurasia--to advance a theory of state failure focused on unlootable resources, rent seeking, and unruly elites. In Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and other countries with low capital mobility--where resources cannot be extracted, concealed, or transported to market without state intervention--local elites may control resources, but they depend on patrons to convert their resources into rents. Markowitz argues that different rent-seeking opportunities either promote the cooptation of local elites to the regime or incite competition over rents, which in turn lead to either cohesion or fragmentation. Markowitz distinguishes between weak states and failed states, challenges the assumption that state failure in a country begins at the center and radiates outward, and expands the \"resource curse\" argument to include cash crop economies, where mechanisms of state failure differ from those involved in fossil fuels and minerals\"-- Publisher's Web site.
Book
State Erosion
State failure is a central challenge to international peace and security in the post-Cold War era. Yet theorizing on the causes of state failure remains surprisingly limited. InState Erosion, Lawrence P. Markowitz draws on his extensive fieldwork in two Central Asian republics-Tajikistan, where state institutions fragmented into a five-year civil war from 1992 through 1997, and Uzbekistan, which constructed one of the largest state security apparatuses in post-Soviet Eurasia-to advance a theory of state failure focused on unlootable resources, rent seeking, and unruly elites.
In Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and other countries with low capital mobility-where resources cannot be extracted, concealed, or transported to market without state intervention-local elites may control resources, but they depend on patrons to convert their resources into rents. Markowitz argues that different rent-seeking opportunities either promote the cooptation of local elites to the regime or incite competition over rents, which in turn lead to either cohesion or fragmentation. Markowitz distinguishes between weak states and failed states, challenges the assumption that state failure in a country begins at the center and radiates outward, and expands the \"resource curse\" argument to include cash crop economies, where mechanisms of state failure differ from those involved in fossil fuels and minerals. Broadening his argument to weak states in the Middle East (Syria and Lebanon) and Africa (Zimbabwe and Somalia), Markowitz shows how the distinct patterns of state failure in weak states with immobile capital can inform our understanding of regime change, ethnic violence, and security sector reform.
eBook
Webs of corruption : trafficking and terrorism in Central Asia
Counterterrorism experts and policy makers have warned of the peril posed by the connections between violent extremism and organized crime, especially the relationship between drug trafficking and terrorism funding. Yet Central Asia, the site of extensive opium trafficking, sees low levels of terrorist violence. Webs of Corruption is an innovative study demonstrating that terrorist and criminal activity intersect more narrowly than is widely believed - and that the state plays the pivotal role in shaping those interconnections. Mariya Y. Omelicheva and Lawrence P. Markowitz analyze the linkages between the drug trade and terrorism financing in Central Asia, finding that state security services shape the nexus of trafficking and terrorism. While organized crime and terrorism do intersect in parts of the region, profit-driven criminal organizations and politically motivated violent groups come together based on the nature of state involvement. Governments in high-trafficking regions are drawn into illicit economies and forge relationships with a range of nonstate violent actors, such as insurgents, erstwhile regime opponents, and transnational groups. Omelicheva and Markowitz contend that these relationships can mitigate terrorism--by redirecting these actors toward other forms of violence. Offering a groundbreaking combination of quantitative, qualitative, and geographic information systems methods to map trafficking/terrorism connections on the ground, Webs of Corruption provides a meticulously researched counterintuitive perspective on a potent regional security problem.
Book
Study of the nnΛ State and Λn Interaction at Jefferson Lab
An nnΛ, which consists of two neutrons and a Lambda hyperon, is a multi-baryon system with no charge. Studying the nnΛ state would provide information about the Λn interaction which has not been directly measured by a scattering experiment. The experiment (E12-17-003) was performed in order to search for the nnΛ state at Jefferson Lab. The nnΛ is expected to be produced by the (e,e′K+) reaction, which has sensitivity to both bound and resonance states if the natural width of the nnΛ is narrow enough to be observed as a peak. The experiment used gas targets of hydrogen and tritium for mass calibration and the nnΛ production, respectively. The mass calibration with H(e,e′K+)Λ/Σ0 reactions gave the mass resolution of the Λ and Σ0 each 3.5 MeV/c2 FWHM, for the elementary reaction. A spectrum of 3H(e,e′K+)X was obtained, and a simple model with a Λn final state interaction was applied to reproduce the spectrum.
Journal Article
Pion electroproduction measurements in the nucleon resonance region
We report new pion electroproduction measurements in the
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resonance, utilizing the SHMS - HMS magnetic spectrometers of Hall C at Jefferson Lab. The data focus on a region that exhibits a strong and rapidly changing interplay of the mesonic cloud and quark-gluon dynamics in the nucleon. The results are in reasonable agreement with models that employ pion cloud effects and chiral effective field theory calculations, but at the same time they suggest that an improvement is required to the theoretical calculations and provide valuable input that will allow their refinements. The data illustrate the potential of the magnetic spectrometers setup in Hall C towards the study the
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resonance. These first reported results will be followed by a series of measurements in Hall C, that will expand the studies of the
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resonance offering a high precision insight within a wide kinematic range from low to high momentum transfers.
Journal Article
Scientific Closure and Research Strategies in Uzbekistan
Objectives. Using the example of Uzbekistan, this article examines the challenges and opportunities for conducting field research in a context of tightened scientific closure in those countries with highly autocratic regimes. Methods. Drawing on the author’s own field experience conducting elite interviews in Uzbekistan in 2002 and 2003 (as well as many subsequent visits), it examines three strategies of field research that emerged in this context of tightening scientific closure. Results. The article outlines several essential features of authoritarianism in Uzbekistan and tracks the regime’s shift toward scientific closure over three distinct phases, tracing out the implications of this shift for those carrying out systematic field research. Conclusions. Uzbekistan illustrates the challenges and opportunities facing researchers under conditions of scientific closure in the 20–30 other countries ruled by hard authoritarian regimes.
Journal Article
Beyond Kompromat: Coercion, Corruption, and Deterred Defection in Uzbekistan
Kompromat, or compromising material used against political elites, is widely considered to be essential in shoring up authoritarian durability. While it is useful in preempting or penalizing individual challengers, however, Kompromat is a highly targeted and selective
tool that does little to deter widespread elite defection in authoritarian regimes in the middle of a crisis. Instead, where autocrats have previously contracted on violence-coopted security for their use in repression-ruler concessions concentrate rent seeking under the national
executive, creating winner-take-all stakes that makes defection prohibitively risky. Through the example of Uzbekistan's regime durability during the 2005 Andijan uprising, this article examines the effect of this political economy of coercion on deterring elite defection.
Journal Article
NMO-IgG positive relapsing longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) in a seropositive HIV patient
An alteration of blood-brain barrier permits access of AQP4-Ab along with T cells to the CNS. [...]high levels of AQP4-Ab were found during remission in some patients with LETM or NMO, suggesting that AQP4-Ab might thus not be sufficient to cause clinical disease on its own, but further conditions such as blood-brain barrier damage or T-cell activation may be required before significant tissue injury occurs. For our patient, cART was restarted few months prior to the second attack; therefore, an IRIS may have contributed to the relapse. [...]several cases have been reported of HIV patients developing a focal demyelinating leukoencephalopathy comparable with multiple sclerosis (MS) after initiation of cART.
Journal Article
High accuracy spectroscopy of 3- and 4-body Λ hypernuclei at Jefferson Lab
JLab E12-19-002 Experiment is planned to measure the Λ-binding energies of 3 Λ H [ J π = 1/2 + or 3/2 + ( T = 0)] and 4 Λ H (1 + ) at JLab Hall C. The expected accuracy for the binding-energy measurement is |Δ B total Λ | ≃ 70 keV. The accurate spectroscopy for these light hypernuclei would shed light on the puzzle of the small binding energy and short lifetime of 3 Λ H, and the chargesymmetry breaking in the ΛN interaction. We aim to perform the experiment in 2025.
Journal Article
Burnout Rates Among General Orthopedic Surgeons and Subspecialists: A Pilot Study
Burnout among physicians is a syndrome of emotional exhaustion, de-personalization, and reduced sense of personal accomplishment that can negatively affect personal relationships, physician well-being, and patient outcomes. Although burnout rates of up to 50% to 60% among orthopedic surgeons have been reported, no studies have evaluated burnout among orthopedic generalists and subspecialists. The primary goal of this study was to examine the prevalence of burnout among orthopedic disciplines. We conducted a multicenter study from March 2019 through December 2019 involving 149 orthopedists. An abbreviated Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey was used to measure burnout. Demographic information, personal characteristics, professional characteristics, family life and spousal support, and depression were also assessed. The mean rate of burnout among all respondents was 62%, whereas 16.77% screened positive for depression. Subspecialties with the highest rates of burnout were oncology (100%), sports medicine (68%), and trauma (63%). Similarly, trauma (50.00%), oncology (40.00%), and general orthopedics (20.00%) had the highest positive depression screening rates. In contrast, shoulder and elbow (50%), pediatric (52%), and foot and ankle (54%) specialists had the lowest rates of burnout, whereas shoulder and elbow (0.00%), spine (0.00%), and sports medicine (6.50%) specialists had the lowest rates of positive depression screening. Older age, higher debt load, and oncology subspecialty were associated with increased burnout risk. This study sought to determine burnout rates within each orthopedic discipline, with a secondary aim of disclosing contributing factors. Trauma and oncology had the highest rates of burnout and positive depression screening. Because this study represents a small orthopedic cohort, larger studies are needed to appropriately manage burnout in the future. [Orthopedics. 20XX;XX(X):xx–xx.]
Journal Article