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"Marks, Carole"
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Separate Societies: Negotiating Race and Class in the 90s
American society has moved away from the two societies, black and white, separate and unequal that highlighted the 1967 Presidential Commission Report - evolving instead into a profusion of worlds reflecting various combinations of races, ethnicities and classes. This paper analyzes two groups - the black middle class and the white underclass - that emerged and grew after the report and defy much of the theorizing sociologists have produced on race and class. It argues that the black middle class and the white underclass reflect \"interlocking categories of experience\" that are unfamiliar. It encourages a new understanding that captures the reality of these race / class groups.
Journal Article
The Urban Underclass
Writing in 1965, Lewis Coser observed, \"The poor, a stratum recruited from heterogeneous origins, belong to a common category by virtue of an essentially passive trait, namely that society reacts to them in a particular manner\" (Coser 1965:142). This review examines the \"urban underclass,\" the latest effort to analyze, categorize, and react to poverty in America. It begins with a discussion of the continuing and pervasive appeal of cultural explanations as the root cause of poverty, perspectives which boast a myriad of scholarly proponents from the right and increasingly from the left. Structural theories, which by contrast find explanation for poverty in various, sometimes conflicting changes in the economy and have an equally loyal following, are also examined. A third, ethnographic approach with antecedents in the prior work of Liebow, Howell, and Stack is explored. This emerging perspective both embraces and eschews different elements of the other two, attempting to ignore labels and understand instead \"how people in real communities devise collective responses to their problems\" (Sullivan 1989:50). The review suggests that nascent attempts are now in evidence from all sides to produce a common ground--part culture, part structure. But it also concludes that the real advance will come about when theorizing expands beyond the limited arena of the culture versus structure debate.
Journal Article
The Urban Uncerclass
Three approaches are used to examine urban poverty: cultural explanations, structural theories and an ethnographic approach.
Journal Article
Effects of Moxalactam on Blood Coagulation and Platelet Function
Bleeding complications have occasionally been reported in clinical trials of moxalactam therapy for debilitated and/or malnourished patients. Complications that occur secondary to hypothrombinemia are readily corrected by administration of 5-10 mg of vitamin K. In a few instances, the bleeding complications occurred secondary to suppression of platelet function. The present studies aim at clarifying the mechanisms by which bleeding problems attributable to moxalactam and other β-lactam antibiotics occur. Moxalactam in vitro did not inhibit blood coagulation or platelet aggregation at concentrations of 700 μg of moxalactam/ml. When administered to five normal male volunteers at a dosage of 3 g of moxalactam four times daily for seven days, the antibiotic did not affect the levels of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X or vitamin K-independent clotting factors V, VIII, and I. Consistently normal levels of the abnormal prothrombin precursor descarboxyprothrombin, as determined by immunochemical and functional assays, showed that moxalactam did not possess warfarin-like properties. Moxalactam induced a significant suppression of adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation. It appears that moxalactam inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation in vivo by perturbing the platelet membrane, thus making ADP receptors unavailable to the agonist. Of 33 additional β-lactam antibiotics tested, 27 were found to suppress ADP-induced aggregation at high concentrations in vitro. It is concluded that moxalactam, as well as many newer and older broad-spectrum antibiotics, causes bleeding complications in debilitated patients by elimination of vitamin K-producing gut microorganisms. However, the clinical implications of the observed suppression of platelet function by many β-lactam antibiotics are unclear.
Journal Article
Demography and Race
The wisdom of Mark Twain that there are \"lies, damn lies and statistics\" seems a predictable beginning for a nondemographic examination of knowledge production in the demography of racial and ethnic groups. Cries of \"numbers crunching\" from without and \"journalism\" from within, have historically marked the aged combatants who occasionally square off against each other, but more typically tend to talk either past one another or not at all.
Journal Article
Lines of Communication, Recruitment Mechanisms, and the Great Migration of 1916-1918
Over 400,000 blacks left the isolated and economically backward southern United States for the North between 1916 and 1918. This paper analyzes how migrants found out about opportunities in the North and why they left when they did. I examine four lines of communication: (1) labor agents; (2) family and friends; (3) service organizations; and (4) ethnic presses. I conclude that lines of communication occur in successive stages. They influence both the character of migrant populations and the interconnection between the individual decision to migrate and structural migratory pressures. These findings have important implications for the comparative study of internal and international labor migrations over time.
Journal Article
Black Labor Migration: 1910-1920
An examination of black migration from the southern to the northern US between 1910 & 1920. Though much has been written on the causes of the \"great migration,\" the neglected processes by which the migrants were induced to leave, particularly between 1916 & 1918, when an estimated 400,000 headed North, are assessed: (1) who left & for what reasons; (2) how did poor Ru blacks get the resources to leave; (3) who benefited from their departure; & (4) the advantages to migrants from the exodus. The search for a better life in the North never materialized, it is suggested, because of the racial segmentation of the LF, structured to keep them at what they had been recruited for -- a source of cheap labor. It is argued that this practice continues today, but has grown to include international migrants, such as Mexicans, Dominicans, & Colombians, among others. 3 Tables, 37 References. W. Adams
Journal Article