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"Markwick, Roger D"
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Soviet women on the frontline in the Second World War
\"More than 800,000 Soviet women fought against Hitler's onslaught during the 'Great Patriotic War,' 1941-45. Female participation in military conflict on such a scale is historically unique. This is the first comprehensive study of the hitherto largely hidden history of the crucial role women played in the defeat of fascism on the Eastern Front\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
War, Violence and the Making of the Stalinist State: A Tillyian Analysis
Defining the state as 'organised violence', based on the emergence of the modern European national state system, Charles Tilly identified four essential war-driven, state-building activities: 'war-making'; 'state-making'; 'protection' of elite 'clients'; and 'extraction' of resources. Drawing on Tilly's primary categories of analysis, this essay considers the ways in which war, or the threat of war, real or imagined, shaped the Soviet state, particularly in its Stalinist manifestation. This essay argues that Tilly's warfare-state paradigm, judiciously deployed, brings into high relief facets of Soviet state-making that few other paradigms do.
Journal Article
Introduction: Stalinism as State Building
Stalinism, particularly the period of Stalin’s rule in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), must be one of the most investigated topics in the field of Soviet studies. Most of those studies, while enriching our empirical knowledge of Stalinism, especially in the wake of the so-called ‘archival revolution’, focusing primarily on the phenomenon as it unfolded in the Soviet Union, have eschewed locating Stalinism in broader typologies of the state. Of course, at the height of the Cold War, comparisons with Nazism invoking the ‘totalitarian’ paradigm, with their explicit contrast with liberal-democratic states, prevailed. Such comparisons with Nazism have continued in the post-Soviet era (Kershaw & Lewin 1997; Rousso 2004; Geyer & Fitzpatrick 2009). Similarly, there is a well established and continuing tradition of comparing Stalin and his system with other major dictators and their systems, mainly Hitler but also Mao (Bullock 1991; Overy 2004; Gellately 2007; Bianco 2018). Such studies can throw valuable comparative light on Stalinism, but their focus on the state, irrespective of the particular socio-economic system which it commanded and its place in the international political economy, have their limits. In this regard, a promising alternative approach is to frame Stalinism as a major exemplar of state-building. The literature in Soviet studies has generally not sought to speak to the state-making literature, while the scholars who focus upon the state have usually not embraced the Soviet experience as a potential example of state-building. This could be a fruitful path of inquiry to take, offering a different perspective from most studies and enriching both the Soviet studies and state development literatures. The essays in this collection seek to explore a range of aspects of this question.
Journal Article
Violence to Velvet: Revolutions—1917 to 2017
From their inception, the 1917 Russian Revolutions, specifically the October Revolution, have been synonymous with Bolshevik violence. In the course of the last century, almost all observers have believed that violence was inherent in the Russian revolutions and revolutions generally. Such views have obscured what a revolution actually is. Closer examination of the October Revolution confirms violence was not its defining feature. Further, the Bolsheviks conceived October as the opening salvo of international, socialist revolution; expectations largely crushed by overwhelming counter-revolutionary violence. The discrediting of war and political violence since World War II has seen the conception of revolution as a “velvet” process of political transformation emerge, particularly in Latin America, the US, Britain, and Europe. While such movements rarely look back to the Russian Revolutions, they echo the democratic, egalitarian, and emancipatory impulses bequeathed by 1917, and raise the possibility of near non-violent socialist revolutions.
Journal Article
\Our brigade will not be sent to the front\: Soviet Women under Arms in the Great Fatherland War, 1941-45
Cardona and Markwick trace the origins, development, and demise of the Rifle Brigade. They examine the brigade's history, from its recruitment in the winter of 1942 until its deployment in the summer of 1944. They describe the historical context and the official explanation for the formation of the brigade. They then analyze the recruitment process and argues that the second wave of recruitment of Soviet women into the Red Army during the winter of 1942-43 was not quite as \"voluntary\" as many Soviet and Russian historians have suggested. Indeed, as will become apparent, although the majority of young women joined the brigade voluntarily, some women did not want to be in the military or to serve specifically in a women's brigade. Furthermore, Cardona and Markwick analyzes the causes of the women's dissatisfaction with the brigade and their reactions to it, ranging from desertion to suicide. Finally, they examine the implications of female military service for gender relations in war-time Soviet society as a whole.
Journal Article
Cultural History under Khrushchev and Brezhnev: From Social Psychology to Mentalités
The demise of the Soviet Union and with it Marxism-Leninism as the officially endorsed paradigm for the social sciences in general and historical research and writing in particular left a yawning theoretical and methodological gap facing post-Soviet historians in Russia and elsewhere. Markwick asserts that there can be no doubt that a proclivity toward a cultural-philosophical approach is deeply rooted in Russian historiographical consciousness.
Journal Article
