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Schwarz is a member of the Lutheran Christian community and, therefore, his unique contribution amidst the current publications on classic Christianity is that his creedal account flows directly from his own confessional tradition. [...]one will find in this volume an approach to the orthodox Christian faith influenced by the theological distinctives of the sixteenth century German Reformer, Martin Luther (p. vi). [...]concerning theology's critical function, Schwarz suggests that Christians \"should ask how we can most effectively proclaim the gospel in word and deed under the changed conditions of the church and world\" (p. 20). [...]a more suitable subtitle for The Christian Faith might be An Intelligible Account, because Schwarz often operates in the realms of the critical and apologetic functions of theology. Next, Schwarz addresses the fate of \"those who have never heard\" with an inclusivist hope: \"But the Christian faith is not a doctrine concerning the destiny of other people. Since God has shown in Jesus Christ that God is holy and merciful, we may hope-though we do not know for sure- that those who have never completely experienced God's self-disclosure in Jesus Christ will not be eternally separated from God\" (p. 31).

The Grand Sable Dunes and the Sleeping Bear Sand Dunes are the largest fields of active sand dunes in the Great Lakes. Both are situated along the crests of high bluffs which rise 40-90 m above the lakes and are composed of sandy glacial deposits. Annual rates of wind erosion of sand from the Grand Sable bluff face have been estimated from sand deposits interbedded with leaf litter on the forest floor adjacent to the dune field. Annual wind erosion increases linearly with slope height, reaching a maximum of almost 1 m 3 per m of distance along the strike of the bluff for a 90 m slope, and is concentrated in a belt along the brow of the slope. Despite the strength added to the slope by ground frost, most sand is eroded in winter. Sand, freed from the bluff by sublimation of ice, is transported into the dune field sometimes with snow sometimes without, depending on weather conditions. Groundfrost increases with distance up-slope, reaching a depth of several m at the crestslope. Frost depth is controlled by the rate of conductive heat transfer above the footslope where the ground is warmed by groundwater seepage. The annual flux of sand into the dune field for the period 1973-83 is estimated to be 6300 m 3 /yr. This rate of nourishment, however, varies with fluctuations in lake levels as they influence wave erosion, slumping and devegetation of the bluff.

This dissertation seeks to demonstrate that Luther believes Christ to be the sensus literalis of Scripture on the basis of the Bible's messianic promise. This claim asserts that Luther's scriptural exegesis of the Bible's \"letter\" is responsible for his designation of Christ as its literal sense. Chapter one introduces the scholarship on Luther as a biblical interpreter and reviews various assessments of his \"Christocentric\" perspective on the Bible. The main criticism leveled against Luther to which this study seeks to respond is that of \"Christianization.\" Chapter two contends for the preface-genre as a literary practice within the Medieval and Reformation periods where holistic statements of one's hermeneutic and biblical theology are commonly expressed. Next, the chapter embarks upon an in-depth analysis of Luther's prefaces to the Deutsch Bibel in order to manifest the Reformer's unified vision of Christ as Scripture's sensus literalis because of the Bible's preoccupation with the promise and fulfillment of the messianic hope. Chapter three explores central components of the hermeneutic& implications of chapter two's examination of the Bible-prefaces that play a fundamental role for Luther in the establishment of Christ as the literal sense of Scripture. These three key aspects of his biblical interpretation are: the Messiah in the OT, authorial intent ion, and the relationship between the Old and New Testaments. Chapter four features an excursus on the treatise, On the Last Words of David (1543). The goal of this chapter is to investigate a non-preface writing from Luther's corpus that shares similar intentions of prescribing and demonstrating his approach to reading the Bible with the conviction that Christ is its census literalis based upon Scripture's witness to the Messiah in its \"letter.\" This analysis seeks to evaluate the significance of the three \"hermeneutical implications\" (chapter three) derived from the prefaces to the Bible (chapter two) for Luther's \"Christological\" interpretation of the OT in On the Last Words of David with the aim of discerning a core hermeneutic in Luther's approach to Scripture. Chapter five summarizes the conclusions derived from this study and suggests prospects for further research directly related to Luther's hermeneutic and biblical theology.

Measurement of slope geometry, moss-lobe characteristics, soil creep, and sand deposition were made over a 2-year period at four sites along the southeastern shore of Lake Superior in Michigan. Woody vegetation was mapped at two of the sites. Moss lobes originate from the dislodgement of moss clumps from the sand slope crest, their stabilization on the slope face, and their subsequent revegetating by buried moss rhizoids. Moss lobes grow from sand deposition, measured at an average rate of 0.78 cm per year. Soil creep, which averaged 2.1 cm per year at one site, causes convoluting of the lobe snouts. These processes induce slope profiles which have straight or convex instead of concave midslopes as are usually found on sand slopes. The moss lobes also diversify the plant habitat as indicated by highly patterned distributions of woody stems.

Climate change is causing rapid and severe changes to many Earth systems and processes, with widespread cryospheric, eco- logical, and hydrological impacts globally, and especially in high northern latitudes. This is of major societal concern and there is an urgent need for improved understanding and predictive tools for environmental management. The Changing Cold Re- gions Network （CCRN） is a Canadian research consortium with a focus to integrate existing and new experimental data with modelling and remote sensing products to understand, diagnose, and predict changing land, water, and climate, and their inter- actions and feedbacks over the geographic domain of the Mackenzie and Saskatchewan River Basins in Canada. The network operates a set of 14 unique and focused Water, Ecosystem, Cryosphere and Climate （WECC） observatories within this region, which provide opportunities to observe and understand processes and their interaction, as well as develop and test numerical simulation models, and provide validation data for remote sensing products. This paper describes this network and its observa- tional, experimental, and modelling programme. An overview of many of the recent Earth system changes observed across the study region is provided, and some local insights from WECC observatories that may partly explain regional patterns and trends are described. Several of the model products being developed are discussed, and linkages with the local to international user community are reviewed--In particular, the use of WECC data towards model and remote sensing product calibration and validation is highlighted. Some future activities and prospects for the network are also presented at the end of the paper.