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تم إعداد قاموس المصطلحات المطبوع على هيئة فصول وليس وفقا للترتيب الأبجدي، ويقصد منه أن يكون دليلا مرحا للتصميم الألماني، بداية من فترة ما بعد الحرب إلى اليوم، حيث لا يلزم قراءته متصلا من بدايته إلى نهايته أو باي ترتيب آخر والقارئ العزيز أن يستثير ارتباطات جديدة ويعقد صلات غير متوقعة بالتنقل بين صفحاته وقد يصادف تصميم جمهورية ألمانيا الديموقراطية، أو المأثورة الشهيرة الشكل يتبع الوظيفة. الفصل الأول مخصص لشرح التخصصات الواسعة للتصميم، في حين أن الفصل الثاني يتعمق في الوضع الحالي التصميم الألماني مع مايكل ماوير، كبير مصممي مجموعة فولكس فاغن و مارتن روت، القيم الشهير المعرض التصميم الألمان .... عنوان الإبداع»، جاليري متاحف قطر. أما الفصل الثالث فبركز على مواضيع أكثر تحديدا في التصميم الألمان، مثل بلوهاوس والإليام وتكنولوجيا المواد. وأخيرا في الفصل الرابع ستجد أرشيفا فوتوغرافيا لبعض النماذج التي تعد أفضل ما يمثل ثقافة التصميم في ألمانيا، وترتبط هذه النماذج بمصطلحات محددة وثيقة الصلة بقاموس المصطلحات منتشرة في الفصول السابقة، وسوف تجد أيضا توصيات لمزيد من الاستكشاف في كل معلومة بقاموس المصطلحات.

The Western diet is a modern dietary pattern characterized by high intakes of pre-packaged foods, refined grains, red meat, processed meat, high-sugar drinks, candy, sweets, fried foods, conventionally raised animal products, high-fat dairy products, and high-fructose products. The present review aims to describe the effect of the Western pattern diet on the metabolism, inflammation, and antioxidant status; the impact on gut microbiota and mitochondrial fitness; the effect of on cardiovascular health, mental health, and cancer; and the sanitary cost of the Western diet. To achieve this goal, a consensus critical review was conducted using primary sources, such as scientific articles, and secondary sources, including bibliographic indexes, databases, and web pages. Scopus, Embase, Science Direct, Sports Discuss, ResearchGate, and the Web of Science were used to complete the assignment. MeSH-compliant keywords such “Western diet”, “inflammation”, “metabolic health”, “metabolic fitness”, “heart disease”, “cancer”, “oxidative stress”, “mental health”, and “metabolism” were used. The following exclusion criteria were applied: (i) studies with inappropriate or irrelevant topics, not germane to the review’s primary focus; (ii) Ph.D. dissertations, proceedings of conferences, and unpublished studies. This information will allow for a better comprehension of this nutritional behavior and its effect on an individual’s metabolism and health, as well as the impact on national sanitary systems. Finally, practical applications derived from this information are made.

Adipokines are cell-signaling proteins secreted by adipose tissue that has been related to a low-grade state of inflammation and different pathologies. The present review aims to analyze the role of adipokines in health and disease in order to understand the important functions and effects of these cytokines. For this aim, the present review delves into the type of adipocytes and the cytokines produced, as well as their functions; the relations of adipokines in inflammation and different diseases such as cardiovascular, atherosclerosis, mental diseases, metabolic disorders, cancer, and eating behaviors; and finally, the role of microbiota, nutrition, and physical activity in adipokines is discussed. This information would allow for a better understanding of these important cytokines and their effects on body organisms.

The first volume in the new Plural series, this publication seeks to critically dissect the term 'activism,' which today seems to have become a catchword for any woman's empowerment through the arts, and reveal the diversity of practices and realities that it comprises. Presenting a range of critical insights, perspectives, and practices from artists, activists, and academics, it reflects on the role of feminist interventions in the field of contemporary art, the public sphere, and politics. In the process, it touches upon broader questions of cultural difference, history, class, economic standing, ecological issues, and sexual orientation, as well as the ways in which these intersect.

The role of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant response in training adaptations and sports performance has been a large issue investigated in the last few years. The present review aims to analyze the role of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant response in sports performance. For this aim, the production of reactive oxygen species in physical activities, the effect of reactive oxygen species on sports performance, the relationship between reactive oxygen species and training adaptations, inflammation, and the microbiota, the effect of antioxidants on recovery and sports performance, and strategies to use antioxidants supplementations will be discussed. Finally, practical applications derived from this information are discussed. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during physical activity greatly influences sports performance. This review concludes that ROS play a critical role in the processes of training adaptation induced by resistance training through a reduction in inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress, as well as appropriate molecular signaling. Additionally, it has been established that micronutrients play an important role in counteracting free radicals, such as reactive oxygen species, which cause oxidative stress, and the effects of antioxidants on recovery, sports performance, and strategies for using antioxidant supplements, such as vitamin C, vitamin E, resveratrol, coenzyme Q10, selenium, and curcumin to enhance physical and mental well-being.

Males and females often differ in use of antipredator behaviors, particularly when antipredator behavior comes at the cost of missed mating opportunities or territory defense. When using thermally suboptimal refugia, ectotherms are especially vulnerable to these costs, as their performance is linked to body temperature. To flee from predators, semi-aquatic Anolis lizards dive underwater for long periods and rebreathe from a bubble of air. We hypothesized that using aquatic refugia would result in body heat loss, that dive duration is influenced by sex, and that oxygen consumption when diving would help explain sex differences. We tested these hypotheses by measuring dive length and body temperatures in A. aquaticus, and by recording oxygen consumption and final oxygen partial pressure during controlled dives in several semi-aquatic Anolis species. Not only was there a significant thermal cost to diving, but A. aquaticus males and females appeared to tolerate different levels of this cost: males re-emerged from water more quickly and at higher body temperatures than did females. Body temperature decreased according to an exponential decay function, dropping up to 6 °C in 5 min. Oxygen consumption rates in semi-aquatic anoles were primarily explained by the expected allometric scaling relationship with mass and, therefore, are unlikely to lead to sex differences in physiological limits to dive times. Instead, shorter male dives may help them maintain physiological performance, mating opportunities or territory defense. Antipredator diving behavior is physiologically costly but undoubtedly beneficial to both sexes, highlighting the need for further study of sex-based antipredator optimization.Significance statementTo avoid predators, semi-aquatic Anolis lizards can dive underwater and remain there for an extended time by rebreathing a bubble of air over their heads. In this study, we reveal that diving to escape predators also comes with a cost: submersion in water reduces lizard body temperatures. Reduced body temperature can impair a lizard’s ability to move quickly and defend mates or territories, suggesting that there may be divergent diving behaviors in males and females. Our findings confirm that males do indeed spend less time underwater than females. We measured oxygen consumption during dives, and our data suggest that sex differences in diving behavior are unrelated to oxygen use. This study sheds light on the sex-specific balance of antipredator behaviors and the maintenance of optimal body temperatures, and more broadly contributes insight into adaptive responses to environmental challenges.

Background Untranslated regions (UTRs) are important mediators of post-transcriptional regulation. The length of UTRs and the composition of regulatory elements within them are known to vary substantially across genes, but little is known about the reasons for this variation in humans. Here, we set out to determine whether this variation, specifically in 5’UTRs, correlates with gene dosage sensitivity. Results We investigate 5’UTR length, the number of alternative transcription start sites, the potential for alternative splicing, the number and type of upstream open reading frames (uORFs) and the propensity of 5’UTRs to form secondary structures. We explore how these elements vary by gene tolerance to loss-of-function (LoF; using the LOEUF metric), and in genes where changes in dosage are known to cause disease. We show that LOEUF correlates with 5’UTR length and complexity. Genes that are most intolerant to LoF have longer 5’UTRs, greater TSS diversity, and more upstream regulatory elements than their LoF tolerant counterparts. We show that these differences are evident in disease gene-sets, but not in recessive developmental disorder genes where LoF of a single allele is tolerated. Conclusions Our results confirm the importance of post-transcriptional regulation through 5'UTRs in tight regulation of mRNA and protein levels, particularly for genes where changes in dosage are deleterious and lead to disease. Finally, to support gene-based investigation we release a web-based browser tool, VuTR, that supports exploration of the composition of individual 5'UTRs and the impact of genetic variation within them.

The Puddle Dock neighborhood was home to many Eastern European Jewish families at the turn of the 20th century. One of the cultural and religious traditions they brought to the United States was immersion in a mikveh, a Jewish ritual bath. A mikveh constructed for community use between ca. 1912 and 1926 had been mentioned in Portsmouth oral histories, but the ca. 1901 house in which it was built and used was demolished, and there was no documentation. Today the neighborhood where that house and mikveh were constructed is part of Strawbery Banke Museum, an outdoor history museum in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. A museum-directed archaeological field school, in collaboration with the local stakeholder community, set out to locate and document the mikveh and its source of living water. Its excavation provided material evidence of an important historical practice. This article also gives an overview of other mikvot excavated in the eastern U.S. and considers the importance of archaeological investigation and recognition of these features for research on the Jewish Diaspora. El barrio de Puddle Dock fue el hogar de muchas familias judías de Europa del Este a principios del siglo XX. Una de las tradiciones culturales y religiosas que trajeron a los Estados Unidos fue la inmersión en una mikve, un baño ritual judío. Una mikve construida para uso comunitario entre ca. 1912 y 1926 se había mencionado en las historias orales de Portsmouth, pero ca. 1901 se demolió la casa en la que se construyó y se usó, y no existía documentación. Hoy en día, el vecindario donde se construyeron esa casa y mikve es parte del Museo Strawbery Banke, un museo de historia al aire libre en Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Una escuela de campo arqueológica dirigida por un museo, en colaboración con la comunidad local de interesados, se propuso localizar y documentar la mikve y su fuente de agua viva. Su excavación proporcionó evidencia material de una práctica histórica importante. En este artículo también se ofrece una descripción general de otras mikvot excavadas en el este de los EE. UU. y se considera la importancia de la investigación arqueológica y el reconocimiento de estas características para la investigación sobre la diáspora judía. Le quartier de Puddle Dock accueillait de nombreuses familles juives d’Europe de l’Est au début du 20ème siècle. L’une des traditions culturelles et religieuses qu’elles ont apportées aux États-Unis était l’immersion dans un mikveh, un bain rituel juif. Un mikveh construit pour une utilisation communautaire approximativement entre 1912 et 1926 avait été mentionné dans les histoires orales de Portsmouth, mais la bâtisse datant de 1901 dans lequel il avait été construit puis utilisé a été démolie, et aucune documentation n’existait. De nos jours, le quartier où cette demeure et le mikveh avaient été édifiés font partie du Strawbery Banke Museum, un musée d’histoire en extérieur à Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Une école d’archéologie dirigée par le musée, en collaboration avec la communauté locale intéressée, ont entrepris de localiser et documenter le mikveh et sa source d’eau naturelle. Les fouilles ont permis de mettre à jour des preuves matérielles d’une pratique historique importante. Cet article est également une présentation d’un autre mikvot découvert dans l’est des États-Unis et il examine l’importance de l’enquête archéologique et la reconnaissance de ces caractéristiques pour la recherche sur la diaspora juive.