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A large and fast-growing number of studies across the social sciences use experiments to better understand the role of race in human interactions, particularly in the American context. Researchers often use names to signal the race of individuals portrayed in these experiments. However, those names might also signal other attributes, such as socioeconomic status (e.g., education and income) and citizenship. If they do, researchers would benefit greatly from pre-tested names with data on perceptions of these attributes; such data would permit researchers to draw correct inferences about the causal effect of race in their experiments. In this paper, we provide the largest dataset of validated name perceptions to date based on three different surveys conducted in the United States. In total, our data include over 44,170 name evaluations from 4,026 respondents for 600 names. In addition to respondent perceptions of race, income, education, and citizenship from names, our data also include respondent characteristics. Our data will be broadly helpful for researchers conducting experiments on the manifold ways in which race shapes American life.

Traduction tchèque de Vivre dans la bibliothèque du monde

Founded in the aftermath of the First World War in a bleeding and devastated Europe, the Revue de littérature comparée set itself the task of opening up to a “new humanism” that would fit a world just emerging from the ashes, in order to delay the smoldering fire of war. However, in a context marked by exacerbated nationalisms, the comparative history of literatures was not always considered a neutral and peaceful enterprise. Though the Revue itself experienced such tensions from the start, it nevertheless adopted a theoretical program strong enough to overcome them.

Obesity affects 30% of the United States population and its detrimental effects are obesity-related metabolic diseases. For patients refractory to conventional weight loss therapy, gastric bypass surgery is one of the proven methods for inducing a sustained weight loss and reversing the metabolic sequelae of obesity. To understand the mechanisms of weight loss and the amelioration of related metabolic comorbid conditions, a reproducible animal model is needed. We report our developmental experience with rat models of sequential Roux-en- Y gastric bypass after reproducing the diet-induced obesity that characterizes the hallmarks of human obesity. Four experiments were performed to induce weight reduction through successive modifications: In Experiment 1 a 20% stapled gastric pouch with a 16 cm biliary-pancreatic limb and a 10 cm alimentary limb accomplished sufficient weight loss within 10 days to ameliorate metabolic changes associated with obesity, but the occurrence of gastrogastric fistulas prevented sustained weight loss; in Experiment 2 the model was improved by dividing the stomach to avoid gastrogastric fistula, but again sustained weight loss was not achieved; in Experiment 3 the biliary-pancreatic limb was lengthened from 16 to 30 cm, reducing the common channel to approximately 18 cm. Sustained weight loss was achieved for 28 days. In Experiment 4 the model in Experiment 3 was modified by dividing the stomach between two rows of staples. Sustained weight loss was observed for 67 days. We developed a reproducible rat model of Roux-en- Y gastric bypass. The existence of this model opens a new field of research in which to study the metabolic sequelae of obesity and the mechanisms of weight loss.

Fondée au lendemain de la Première Guerre mondiale dans une Europe saignée et dévastée, la Revue de littérature comparée se donna pour mission d’ouvrir à un « nouvel humanisme » adapté à ce monde sortant à peine des cendres, et susceptible de retarder un feu qui ne demandait qu’à renaître. Or, dans un contexte marqué de nationalismes exacerbés, l’histoire comparée des littératures ne fut pas toujours considérée comme une entreprise neutre et pacifique. La Revue elle-même, qui fut dès le départ traversée de ces tensions, sut toutefois se doter d’un programme théorique suffisamment solide pour s’en délivrer. Founded in the aftermath of the First World War in a bleeding and devastated Europe, the Revue de littérature comparée set itself the task of opening up to a “new humanism” that would fit a world just emerging from the ashes, in order to delay the smouldering fire of war. However, in a context marked by exacerbated nationalisms, the comparative history of literatures was not always considered a neutral and peaceful enterprise. Though the Revue itself experienced such tensions from the start, it nevertheless adopted a theoretical program strong enough to overcome them.

T. S. Eliot was raised in the Unitarian faith of his family in St. Louis but drifted away from their beliefs while studying philosophy, mysticism, and anthropology at Harvard. During a year in Paris, he became involved with a group of Catholic writers and subsequently went through a gradual conversion to Catholic Christianity. Many studies of Eliot's writings have mentioned his religious beliefs, but most have failed to give the topic due weight, and many have misunderstood or misrepresented his faith. More recently, scholars have begun exploring this dimension of Eliot's thought more carefully and fully. In this book readers will find Eliot's Anglo-Catholicism accurately defined and thoughtfully considered. Essays illuminate the all-important influence of the French Catholic writers he came to know in Paris. Prominent among them were those who wrote for or were otherwise associated with the Nouvelle Revue Française, including André Gide, Paul Claudel, and Charles-Louis Philippe. Also active in Paris at that time was the notorious Charles Maurras, whose influence on Eliot has been exaggerated by those who wished to discredit Eliot's traditionalist views. A more measured assessment of Maurras's influence has been needed and is found in several essays here. A wiser French Catholic writer, Jacques Maritain, has been largely ignored by Eliot scholars, but his influence is now given due consideration. The keynote of Eliot's cultural and political writings is his belief that religion and culture are integrally related. Several contributors examine his ideas on this subject, placing them in the context of Maritain's ideas, as well as those of the Catholic historian Christopher Dawson. Contributors take account of Eliot's intellectual relationship with such figures as John Henry Newman, Charles Williams, and the expert on church architecture, W. R. Lethaby. Eliot's engagement with other contemporaries who held a variety of Christian beliefs-including George Santayana, Paul Elmer More, C. S. Lewis, and David Jones-is also explored. This collection presents the subject of Eliot's religious beliefs in rich detail, from a number of different perspectives, giving readers the opportunity to see the topic in its complexity and fullness.

Scholars constitute an endangered species and must be studied as an ecological system. They form a transcultural and transhistorical group. Though generally considered as pathological, their existence is a necessity for the survival of any society. They are now threatened in three ways: by technology, by the university and by the new definitions of culture.