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"Mary Hunter"
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The face of medicine : visualising medical masculinities in late nineteenth-century Paris
\"The Face of medicine examines the overlapping worlds of art and medicine in late nineteenth-century France. It sheds new light on the relevance of the visual in medical and scientific cultures and on the relationship between artistic and medical practices and imagery. By analysing previously unstudied multi-disciplinary sources, this original study rethinks the politics of medical representations and their social impact. Hunter argues that artworks and medical collections played a key role in forming the public face of medicine. Through a focused examination of paintings from the 1886 and 1887 Paris Salons that portray famous men from the medical and scientific elite - Louis Pasteur, Jules-âEmile Pâean and Jean-Martin Charcot - along with the images and objects that these men made for personal and occupational purposes, she explores how the masculinities of eminent medical men were visualised. ... [The Face of medicine] will appeal to all those interested in the cultural and visual history of medicine - academics and students in art history, visual culture, gender studies, French history, museum studies, and the medical humanities.\"--Back cover.
Book
Keeping up Appearances: Reputational Threat and Impression Management after Social Movement Boycotts
This paper explores the extent to which firms targeted by consumer boycotts strategically react to defend their public image by using prosocial claims: expressions of the organization's commitment to socially acceptable norms, beliefs, and activities. We argue that prosocial claims operate as an impression management tactic meant to protect targeted firms by diluting the negative media attention attracted by the boycott. We test our hypotheses using a sample of 221 boycotts announced between 1990 and 2005. Results suggest that boycotted firms do significantly increase their prosocial claims activity after a boycott is announced. Firms are likely to react with a larger increase in prosocial claims when the boycott is more threatening (it receives more media attention), when the firm has a higher reputation, or when the firm engaged in more prosocial claims before the boycott. We demonstrate that firms fall back on their established impression management strategies when they face a reputational threat and will increase these previously perfected performances as the threat increases. In this way, the severity of a threat positively moderates the relationship between a firm's prior performance repertoire and future performance repertoire, a mechanism we refer to as \"threat amplification.\" When an organization with high reputational standing has bolstered its position by using prosocial claims in its past performance repertoire, however, it will perceive itself to be shielded from movement attacks, decreasing the likelihood of any defensive response, a mechanism we call \"buffering.\" Our findings contribute to impression management by exploring the use of impression management in response to a movement attack and highlighting the important role that a firm's pre-threat positioning plays in its response to an image threat.
Journal Article
Engaging Haydn : culture, context, and criticism
\"Haydn is enjoying renewed appreciation as one of the towering figures of Western music history. This lively collection builds upon this resurgence of interest, with chapters exploring the nature of Haydn's invention and the cultural forces that he both absorbed and helped to shape and express. The volume addresses Haydn's celebrated instrumental pieces, the epoch-making Creation and many lesser-known but superb vocal works including the Masses, the English canzonettas and Scottish songs and the operas L'isola disabitata and L'anima del filosofo. Topics range from Haydn's rondo forms to his violin fingerings, from his interpretation of the Credo to his reading of Ovid's Metamorphoses, from his involvement with national music to his influence on the emerging concept of the musical work. Haydn emerges as an engaged artist in every sense of the term, as remarkable for his critical response to the world around him as for his innovations in musical composition\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Blacklisted Businesses: Social Activists' Challenges and the Disruption of Corporate Political Activity
This paper explores whether and how social activists' challenges affect politicians' willingness to associate with targeted firms. We study the effect of public protest on corporate political activity using a unique database that allows us to analyze empirically the impact of social movement boycotts on three proxies for associations with political stakeholders: the proportion of campaign contributions that are rejected, the number of times a firm is invited to give testimony in congressional hearings, and the number of government procurement contracts awarded to a firm. We show that boycotts lead to significant increases in the proportion of refunded contributions, as well as decreases in invited congressional appearances and awarded government contracts. These results highlight the importance of considering how a firm's sociopolitical environment shapes the receptivity of critical non-market stakeholders. We supplement this analysis by drawing from social movement theory to extrapolate and test three key mechanisms that moderate the extent to which activists' challenges effectively disrupt corporate political activity: the media attention a boycott attracts, the political salience of the contested issue, and the status of the targeted firm.
Journal Article
Radical Repertoires: The Incidence and Impact of Corporate-Sponsored Social Activism
This article explores when and why firms participate in overt corporate-sponsored social activism. To shed light on this question, I empirically explore the emergence and implications of a new strategic phenomenon in nonmarket strategy—the corporate-sponsored boycott—in which firms voluntarily cooperate with contentious social movement organizations to sponsor boycotts that protest the contested social practices of other companies or entities at higher orders of market organization, such as industries, transnational regulators, or states. Using a longitudinal database that tracks the social movement challenges faced by 300 large companies between 1993 and 2007, I provide evidence that overt corporate-sponsored activism is used by companies that are chronically targeted and losing ground to activists, especially when those companies are facing a reputational deficit. Furthermore, I find that participation in overt corporate-sponsored activism is associated with significant decreases in the number of activist challenges targeting a firm in the future, suggesting that the tactic may effectively defend a firm from contentious threat by allowing firms to co-opt allies within the activist population. I discuss implications of these findings for social movement research, nonmarket strategy, and the study of corporate social responsibility.
Journal Article
Order in the Court: How Firm Status and Reputation Shape the Outcomes of Employment Discrimination Suits
This article explores the mechanisms by which corporate prestige produces distorted legal outcomes. Drawing on social psychological theories of status, we suggest that prestige influences audience evaluations by shaping expectations, and that its effect will differ depending on whether a firm's blameworthiness has been firmly established. We empirically analyze a unique database of more than 500 employment discrimination suits brought between 1998 and 2008. We find that prestige is associated with a decreased likelihood of being found liable (suggesting a halo effect in assessments of blameworthiness), but with more severe punishments among organizations that are found liable (suggesting a halo tax in administrations of punishment). Our analysis allows us to reconcile two ostensibly contradictory bodies of work on how organizational prestige affects audience evaluations by showing that prestige can be both a benefit and a liability, depending on whether an organization's blameworthiness has been firmly established.
Journal Article
THE EXCLUSION OF AHMADIS FROM PAKISTANI MUSLIMNESS
A genealogy of anti-Ahmadi narratives in Pakistan can be traced from the Zia regime (1977–88), through Maulana Maududi, and back to Muhammad Iqbal. The Zia regime criminalised and de facto excluded Ahmadis from the Muslim community through the 1984 Ordinance, rationalised in a pamphlet that plagiarised Maududi’s work. Before their criminalisation, Ahmadis were constitutionally excluded from the Pakistani Muslim community through the 1974 Second Amendment, which, like Iqbal, defined a Muslim according to belief in Khatam-e-Nabuwwat (the finality of prophethood). One argument to separate Ahmadis was thus theological, that they misinterpreted Khatam-e-Nabuwwat by believing that the founder of the community was a prophet. Other arguments were socioeconomic and political, with Iqbal and Maududi both perceiving Ahmadis as declaring themselves separate from Muslims, while benefitting from their association with the Muslim community. This will be contextualised within Iqbal’s desire to maintain the unity of the Muslim community in the face of socioeconomic challenges prior to Pakistan’s creation but also the dismantling of Muslim political power in both pre-Partition India and the wider world, an inherent concern of the anti-colonial Khilafat movement (1919–22), from which other prominent anti-Ahmadi figures emerged. Maududi’s and the Zia regime’s presentations of Ahmadis as un-Islamic and historically sympathetic to British colonialists functioned to assert that Ahmadis were anti-Pakistan, too.
Journal Article
A Dynamic Process Model of Private Politics: Activist Targeting and Corporate Receptivity to Social Challenges
This project explores whether and how corporations become more receptive to social activist challenges over time. Drawing from social movement theory, we suggest a dynamic process through which contentious interactions lead to increased receptivity. We argue that when firms are chronically targeted by social activists, they respond defensively by adopting strategic management devices that help them better manage social issues and demonstrate their normative appropriateness. These defensive devices have the incidental effect of empowering independent monitors and increasing corporate accountability, which in turn increase a firm's receptivity to future activist challenges. We test our theory using a unique longitudinal dataset that tracks contentious attacks and the adoption of social management devices among a population of 300 large firms from 1993 to 2009.
Journal Article
\I’m going to stay young\: Belief in anti-aging efficacy of menopausal hormone therapy drives prolonged use despite medical risks
Over a third of menopausal hormone therapy (HT) prescriptions in the US are written for women over age 60. Use of HT more than 5 years is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease; breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancers; thromboembolic stroke; gallbladder disease; dementia; and incontinence.
To explore older women's perceptions of the benefits and risks of long-term HT and examine factors influencing their decisions to use HT > 5 years despite medical risks.
A qualitative approach was selected to broadly explore thought processes and social phenomena underlying long-term users' decisions not to discontinue HT. Interviews were conducted with 30 women over age 60 reporting use of systemic HT more than 5 years recruited from an urban area in California and a small city in the Rocky Mountain region. Transcripts of interviews were analyzed using conventional grounded theory methods.
Women reported using HT to preserve youthful physical and mental function and prevent disease. Gynecologists had reassured participants regarding risk, about which all 30 expressed little concern. Participants, rather than providers, were the principal drivers of long-term use.
Participants perceived estrogen to have anti-aging efficacy, and using HT imparted a sense of control over various aspects of aging. Maintaining this sense of control was prioritized over potential risk from prolonged use. Our findings provide an additional perspective on previous work suggesting the pharmaceutical industry has leveraged older women's self-esteem, vanity, and fear of aging to sell hormones through marketing practices designed to shape the beliefs of both clinicians and patients. Efforts are needed to: 1) address misconceptions among patients and providers about medically supported uses and risks of prolonged HT, and 2) examine commercial influences, such as medical ghostwriting, that may lead to distorted views of HT efficacy and risk.
Journal Article
From Queen Victoria to Sausage Pants: art in the superhospital
A marble sculpture of Queen Victoria held an important place at the original site of Montreal's Royal Victoria Hospital and in the public's heart. Patients, medical students, physicians, nurses and visitors caressed the figure while walking by, seeking luck from this royal cum patron saint. Made in 1895 by Countess Feodora Gleichen, the sculpture was exhibited at the hospital from 1897 until its transfer to the Glen, the McGill University Health Centre superhospital that opened in 2015. Today, the sculpture sits rather awkwardly in the main hallway of the Royal Victoria Hospital section of the Glen. The square plinth juts out into a busy walkway, tempting passersby to leave their paper cups on its edges. Despite its recent restoration, the marble monarch remains a relic of Canada's colonial past, historicizing the new building and acting as a foil against which the site-specific contemporary art can be understood.
Journal Article