Explore the vast range of titles available.

In order to fight deforestation, biological methods of recycling printed waste papers must be used. In addition to identifying and isolating A . quadrilineatus , the current study attempts to ascertain the best physiological conditions and mechanisms underlying this species’ ability to deink. Five isolates such as Cladosporium sp ., Aspergillus sp ., Fusarium sp ., Penicillium sp ., and Rhizopus sp . isolated from soil containing ink remains using Bushnell and Hass media carried out the deinking tests. SEM, FT-IR, the molecular method, and factors affecting ink eradication were all carried out. The deinking of ink-loaded filter paper, Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms, and A . quadrilineatus enzyme activities were also investigated in this work. Ninety per percentage of the black ink was removed by A . quadrilineatus . Six days later, under ideal conditions (pH 6, temperature 30°C, initial ink concentrations of 20,000 mg L ⁻ ¹, and inoculum dose of three fungal discs), the optimal deinking percentage from solution through a culture of A . quadrilineatus reached up to 97%. The deinking mechanism of A . quadrilineatus was shown by SEM and FT-IR studies. A good level of agreement between the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and the adsorption process was shown by the Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms. Otherwise, on agar plates, A . quadrilineatus demonstrated its capacity to manufacture the enzymes lipase and xylanase. Overall, the results indicated that A . quadrilineatus may open up new possibilities for recycling printed waste papers.

Natural constituents have been utilized to avoid humanity from various diseases, such as microbial infection and cancer, over several decades due to bioactive compounds. Myoporum serratum seeds extract (MSSE) was formulated via HPLC for flavonoid and phenolic analysis. Moreover, antimicrobial via well diffusion method, antioxidant via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method, anticancer activities against HepG-2 cells (human hepatocellular cancer cell line), and MCF-7 cells (human breast cancer cell line), and molecular docking of the main detected flavonoid and phenolic compounds with the cancer cells were performed. The phenolic acids, including cinnamic acid (12.75 µg/mL), salicylic acid (7.14 µg/mL), and ferulic (0.97 µg/mL), while luteolin represents the main detected flavonoid with a concentration of 10.74 µg/mL, followed by apegenin 8.87 µg/mL were identified in MSSE. Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus vulgaris, and Candida albicans were inhibited by MSSE with 24.33, 26.33, 20.67, and 18.33 mm of inhibition zone, respectively. MSSE exhibited a low inhibition zone of 12.67 mm against Escherichia coli while showing no inhibitory activity against Aspergillus fumigatus. The values of MIC ranged from 26.58 to 136.33 µg/mL for all tested microorganisms. MBC/MIC index and cidal properties were attributed to MSSE for all tested microorganisms except E. coli. MSSE demonstrated anti-biofilm 81.25 and 50.45% of S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. IC50 of the antioxidant activity of MSSE was 120.11 µg/mL. HepG-2 and MCF-7 cell proliferation were inhibited with IC50 140.77 ± 3.86 µg/mL and 184.04 µg/mL, respectively. Via Molecular docking study, luteolin and cinnamic acid have inhibitory action against HepG-2 and MCF-7 cells, supporting the tremendous anticancer of MSSE.

Acalypha indica, a plant used in traditional medicine, was evaluated for its phenolic composition and bioactivity. The methanolic extract of its aerial parts (stem and leaves) was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), identifying 17 phenolic compounds, including rutin (53.8 µg mL⁻¹), chlorogenic acid (53.3 µg mL⁻¹), gallic acid (36.3 µg mL⁻¹), and ferulic acid (33.3 µg mL⁻¹) as the primary constituents. These compounds correlated with the extract’s antioxidant activity, confirmed by the DPPH radical-scavenging assay, yielding an IC₅₀ of 6.8 µg mL⁻¹. The extract showed significant antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, with inhibition zones exceeding that of Gentamycin. It also demonstrated moderate activity against Gram-negative bacteria, such as Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays showed bactericidal effects at 7.8 µg mL⁻¹. Additionally, the extract inhibited biofilm formation and hemolysin production, suggesting anti-virulence potential. The Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition assays indicated anti-inflammatory effects (IC₅₀ = 11 µg mL⁻¹). Cytotoxicity tests on PC-3 prostate and SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells revealed reductions in cell viability, with IC₅₀ values of 11.52 and 10.31 µg mL⁻¹, highlighting the therapeutic potential of Acalypha indica.

This research explores the synthesis of zinc oxide nanomaterials (ZnO NMs) through the utilization of neem leaf extract, presenting an environmentally conscious and sustainable methodology. The biosynthesized ZnO NMs exhibit dual functionality, showing remarkable efficacy in the photocatalytic degradation of natural organic matter (NOM) as well as antimicrobial activity against drug-resistant microorganisms. Under low-energy UV light, ZnO effectively degraded 92 % of NOM within a span of 180 min, concurrently exhibiting substantial antimicrobial effects against and , characterized by significant inhibition zones. The research further highlights the application of low-energy UV light to improve the photocatalytic efficiency of ZnO NMs, thereby promoting sustainability and reducing the toxicity of by-products. The characterization of ZnO NMs was conducted employing various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). At a concentration of 3 g/l, ZnO accomplished a 92 % reduction in NOM over a period of 180 min, accompanied by a 59 % reduction in organic carbon deposition (OCD). The low levels presence of OCD on the surface after the reaction further confirmed the effectiveness of the process. The findings highlight the promise of neem-extract ZnO NMs as an eco-friendly and adaptable substance for environmental cleanup and antimicrobial uses, demonstrating significant antibacterial efficacy at concentrations of 0.05 mg/ml and 0.1 mg/ml.

Nanoparticles (NPs) formulation in biopolymers is an attractive process for the researcher to decrease the disadvantages of NPs application alone. Bimetallic NPs are a promising formula of two NPs that usually act as synergetic phenomena. Zinc oxide and gold NPs (ZnO@AuNPs) biosynthesis as a bimetallic was prepared via the eco-friendly manner currently. Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) was employed for the formulation of ZnO@AuNPs as a nanocomposite via a green method. Physicochemical and topographical characterization was assigned to ZnO@AuNPs and nanocomposite features. The nanostructure of bimetallic NPs and nanocomposite were affirmed with sizes around 15 and 25 nm, respectively. Indeed, the DLS measurements affirmed the more reasonable size and stability of the prepared samples as 27 and 93 nm for bimetallic NPs and nanocomposite, respectively. The inhibitory potential of nanocomposite was more than ZnO@AuNPs against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Enterococcus faecalis, Mucor albicans, Aspergillus flavus, and Mucor circinelloid. ZnO@AuNPs and nanocomposite exhibited antioxidant activity via DPPH with IC50 of 71.38 and 32.4 µg/mL, correspondingly. Excellent anti-diabetic potential of nanocomposite with IC50 of 7.4 µg/mL, and ZnO@AuNPs with IC50 of 9.7 µg/mL was reported compared with the standard acarbose with the IC50 of 50.93 µg/mL for amylase inhibition (%). Photocatalytic degradation of RR195 and RB dyes was performed by ZnO@AuNPs and nanocomposite, where maximum degradation was 85.7 ± 1.53 and 88.7 ± 0.58%, respectively using ZnO@AuNPs, 90.3 ± 0.28 and 91.8 ± 0.27%, respectively using nanocomposite at 100 min.

The eco‐friendly and cost‐effective biological synthesis of nanomaterials is rapidly gaining attention. This study synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using an aqueous extract of Senna italica leaves and silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ). The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV‐Vis spectroscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). UV‐Vis spectroscopy confirmed the formation of AgNPs, displaying a characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak at 445 nm. TEM and SEM analyses revealed spherical nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 12.7 to 24 nm. FTIR spectra identified bands at 1636 and 3496 cm −1 , corresponding to C=O and O‐H groups, indicating their role in stabilizing the nanoparticles. XRD analysis revealed diffraction planes at 111, 200, 220, and 311, consistent with the face‐centered cubic structure of silver. The AgNPs demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against fungi and Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria, with Escherichia coli showing the highest sensitivity (MIC = 0.014 μ g/mL). SEM analysis of E. coli showed that untreated cells retained their normal morphology, whereas AgNP‐treated cells appeared shriveled and deformed. These results underscore the potential of Senna italica –derived AgNPs as effective antimicrobial agents. Future studies will be aimed at investigating the detailed mechanisms underlying the effects of AgNPs on bacterial cell structure and growth.

The extraction of bioactive compounds from plants has emerged as a promising strategy for developing resource-efficient solutions that are both economically viable and value-driven. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), has become a popular technique for extraction significant plant-based compounds. Our investigation contrasted the yield, biological functions and phytochemical compositions of green cardamom extracts generated with SFE at 100, 200, and 300 bar of pressures. The maximal obtained weight was 0.279 gm upon applying 300 bar. There is a proportional elevation in the levels of most of phenolic compounds which detected using HPLC upon raising the pressure levels for extraction. Gallic acid had a significant increase ( P  ≤ 0.05) upon applying ascending pressure levels The extract obtained at 300 bar demonstrated the most potent antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans , with inhibition zones of 23.33 ± 0.58 mm and 22.17 ± 1.04 mm, respectively. Furthermore, antibiofilm and anti-hemolytic assays confirmed that higher extraction pressure enhanced the bioactivity of the extracts, with 300 bar showing the maximum effect. Time-kill kinetics demonstrated a progressive increase in microbial inhibition over time, with the 300-bar extract again displaying the most effective results. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed significant ultrastructural damage in B. subtilis and C. albicans treated with the 300-bar extract, indicating strong antimicrobial action at the cellular level. The molecular docking performance of the main constituents in green cardamom extracts gallic acid and syringic acid against B. subtilis  (PDB ID: 5VX6) and S. aureus (PDB ID: 3V8J) using the molecular operating environment (MOE) software was evaluated. The docking scores (S), root mean square deviation (RMSD)_refine values, and energy terms (E_conf, E_place, E_score1, E_refine, E_score2) were analyzed to assess binding affinities. Key interactions, including hydrogen bonds, were identified, with distances and energies quantified. Syringic acid exhibited better binding (S = − 4.27 to − 5.04 kcal/mol) compared to gallic acid (S = − 4.11 to − 4.68 kcal/mol) across both targets. Interactions with residues like GLU 187 (Glutamic acid residue at position 187 in the protein sequence) and ARG 172 (Arginine residue at position 172) in 5VX6, and ASP 239 (ASP 239: Aspartic acid residue at position 239) in 3V8J, highlighted critical binding motifs. The findings concluded that green cardamom extracts, particularly those obtained at 300 bar, possess enhanced antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties, supported by both experimental and computational evidence. These results highlight the therapeutic potential of pressure-optimized SFE in maximizing the bioactivity of plant extracts. Graphical abstract

This study was conducted to examine the ameliorative effects of foliar application of some micro-algal (Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis) and some medicinal plant leaves (Salix alba, Psidium guajava, and Olea europaea) extracts on Phaseolus vulgaris (Bean) under salinity stress. On a loamy soil, a pots trial was carried out on bean plants grown under salinity stress. Growth characteristics, pigments, osmolytes, total phenol, and antioxidant enzyme contents were determined. S. platensis extract application showed the greatest improvement in shoot length and fresh weight of shoot, which rose 23.5% and 65.1%, respectively compared to the control. The utilized bio-stimulants, particularly S. platensis extracts, remarkably increased the chlorophyll content compared to the control under salinity stress. The photosynthetic pigment, soluble sugars, and soluble protein levels were strengthened by foliar application of bio-stimulant extract. Proline and antioxidant enzyme levels are significantly reduced using algal and plant extracts treatment. These findings support the treatment’s increased contribution to reducing salt stress and their detrimental effects on bean plants.The findings of this study indicate that the use of these biostimulants, especially S. alba, P. guajava, and O. europaea leaf extracts can be considered as an unconventional, ecofriendly, and novel tool in the mitigation of salinity stress.

Nowadays, endophytic fungi represent a rich source of biological active compounds. In the current study, twelve endophytic fungal species were isolated from Avicennia marina leaves. From the isolates, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium rubens and Alternaria alternata recorded the highest isolation frequency (80%), relative density (12.5%) and antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial and anticancer activities of P. rubens were more effective than those of A. niger and A. alternata; therefore, its identification was confirmed via the ITS rRNA gene. Filtrate extracts of P. rubens, A. alternata and A. niger were analyzed using GC-MS and showed different detected constituents, such as acetic acid ethyl ester, N-(4,6-Dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)-4-(4-nitrobenzylideneamino) benzenesulfonamide, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, hexadecanoic acid and octadecanoic acid. Filtrate extract of P. rubens exhibited the presence of more compounds than A. alternata and A. niger. Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus were more inhibited by P. rubens extract than A. alternata or A. niger, with inhibition zones of 27.2 mm, 22.21 mm, 26.26 mm, 27.33 mm, 28.25 mm and 8.5 mm, respectively. We observed negligible cytotoxicity of P. rubens extract against normal cells of human lung fibroblasts (WI-38 cell line), unlike A. alternata and A. niger extracts. Proliferation of prostate cancer (PC-3) was inhibited using P. rubens extract, exhibiting mortality levels of 75.91% and 76.2% at 200 µg/mL and 400 µg/mL of the extract. Molecular docking studies against the crystal structures of C. albicans (6TZ6) and the cryo-EM structure of B. subtilis (7CKQ) showed significant interactions with benzenedicarboxylic acid and N-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)-4-(4-nitrobenzylideneamino) benzenesulfonamide as a constituent of P. rubens extract. N-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)-4-(4-nitrobenzylideneamino) benzenesulfonamide had the highest scores of −6.04905 kcal/mol and −6.590 kcal/mol towards (6tz6) and (7CKQ), respectively.

Antibiotic drug resistance is a global public health issue that demands new and novel therapeutic molecules. To develop new agents, animal secretions or products are used as an alternative agent to overcome this problem. In this study, earthworm (Pheretima posthuma) coelomic fluid (PCF), and body paste (PBP) were used to analyze their effects as antibiofilm agents against four bacterial isolates MH1 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa MT448672), MH2 (Escherichia coli MT448673), MH3 (Staphylococcus aureus MT448675), and MH4 (Klebsiella pneumoniae MT448676). Coelomic fluid extraction and body paste formation were followed by minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), biofilm formation time kinetics, and an antibiofilm assay, using heat and cold shock, sunlight exposure auto-digestion, and test tube methods. The results showed that the MIC values of PCF and PBP against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and E. coli bacterial isolates ranged from 50 to 100 μg/mL, while, the results related to biofilm formation for P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and K. pneumoniae strains were observed to be highly significantly increased (p < 0.005) after 72 h. E. coli produced a significant (p < 0.004) amount of biofilm after 48 h. Following time kinetics, the antibiofilm activity of PCF and PBP was tested at different concentrations (i.e., 25–200 μg/mL) against the aforementioned four strains (MH1–MH4). The findings of this study revealed that both PBP (5.61 ± 1.0%) and PCF (5.23 ± 1.5%) at the lowest concentration (25 μg/mL) showed non-significant (p > 0.05) antibiofilm activity against all the selected strains (MH1-MH4). At 50 μg/mL concentration, both PCF and PBP showed significant (p < 0.05) biofilm inhibition (<40%) for all isolates. Further, the biofilm inhibitory potential was also found to be more significant (p < 0.01) at 100 μg/mL of PCF and PBP, while it showed highly significant (p < 0.001) biofilm inhibition at 150 and 200 μg/mL concentrations. Moreover, more than 90% biofilm inhibition was observed at 200 μg/mL of PCF, while in the case of the PBP, <96% biofilm reduction (i.e., 100%) was also observed by all selected strains at 200 μg/mL. In conclusion, earthworm body fluid and paste have biologically active components that inhibit biofilm formation by various pathogenic bacterial strains. For future investigations, there is a need for further study to explore the potential bioactive components and investigate in depth their molecular mechanisms from a pharmaceutical perspective for effective clinical utilization.