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Abstract Background Regional lymph nodes are frequently sampled in cats with suspected intestinal lymphoma; however, their diagnostic value has not been explored. Objectives To investigate whether histologic and immunohistochemical analysis of mesenteric lymph nodes correlates with the diagnosis of intestinal lymphoma in cats. Animals One hundred 2 client-owned cats diagnosed with intestinal lymphoma. Methods Retrospective study. The inclusion criteria required a full-thickness biopsy of the small intestine and concurrent excision of mesenteric lymph nodes. Histologic and immunophenotypic analyses were performed on intestinal biopsies and corresponding lymph nodes. Selected nodal samples diagnosed with reactive lymph nodes underwent clonality testing. Results Transmural T-cell lymphomas, encompassing small and large cell types, were predominant (64 cases, 62.7%), with large B-cell lymphomas being more frequently transmural (68.8%) than mucosal (31.2%). Among all lymph nodes examined, 44 (43.1%; 95% CI: 33.9%-52.8%) exhibited neoplastic infiltration. Among cases of small cell lymphoma, 51 out of 72 (70.8%; 95% CI: 59.4%-80.1%) showed no nodal involvement. Clonality results correctly identified 19/30 (63.3%; 95% CI: 45.5%-78.2%) reactive lymph nodes. Concerns were raised regarding clonal identification in the remaining cases and potential misdiagnoses based on phenotypic characteristics. Conclusion and Clinical Importance The study underscores the potential drawbacks of relying solely on mesenteric lymph nodes for diagnosing intestinal lymphomas in cats, particularly small cell subtypes. It emphasizes the importance of full-thickness biopsies for assessing transmural infiltration and recommends caution when utilizing mesenteric lymph nodes for histologic, immunohistochemical and clonality evaluations in mucosal lymphomas. Despite limitations, this research highlights the need for comprehensive diagnostic strategies in cats with intestinal lymphoma.

Following mixed-methods sequential design and drawing on the message-audience congruence concept and homophily theory, across three studies in the UK, we examined the effect of gendered wording and endorser’s gender on the effectiveness of leaflets promoting walking. In Study 1, a mall-intercept study achieved 247 completed questionnaires. Results demonstrated that men and women indicated the highest behavioural intentions for communal wording presented by a male endorser. However, pairwise comparisons revealed that when the wording of the advert was agentic and the endorser was male, males indicated significantly higher scores of behavioural intentions compared with females. Attitude towards the ad for women was highest for communal wording/female endorser; for men it was for agentic wording/male endorser. In Study 2, consumers’ views towards the gendered content were explored in 20 semi-structured interviews. In study 3 we examined the impact of the respondent’s gender role identity on gendered content effectiveness. Overall, when controlled for level of gender role identity, only masculine males evaluated leaflets featuring communal wording negatively which suggests that wording matters only for masculine males, but not for other men and women. Theoretically, we identified that gender-based message-respondent congruence is not a necessary aspect of communications to be effective, except for one group: masculine males. Our study identified dominant gender role identity as a factor that explained respondents’ preferences for presented stimuli. Specifically, males who display masculine gender role identity differ in evaluations of communal wording from all other groups. Social and commercial marketers who target men and women with exercise-related services should consider the use of agentic wording endorsed by a male endorser when targeting masculine men to increase the likelihood of eliciting positive attitudes towards the communication. However, such distinctions should not be associated with differences in women’s evaluations or men who do not report masculine gender role identity.

Background Plasma Volume Status (PVS), an index that quantifies the deviation of an individual’s plasma volume from the expected volume, plays an important role in cardiovascular homeostasis. Although PVS expansion is well recognized in conditions like heart failure and chronic kidney disease, its relationship with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and antidiabetic treatment remains uncertain. Methods We conducted an observational study comparing PVS in adults with T2D and healthy controls matched for sex, age, and BMI. In a separate analysis of a larger T2D cohort, we investigated the association between PVS and different antidiabetic therapies. PVS was calculated using established formulas incorporating hematocrit, body weight, and sex. Results PVS was significantly expanded in individuals with T2D compared with healthy controls, with a mean difference of + 3.73% (95% CI 0.24 to 7.22, p  = 0.041). Among individuals with T2D ( n  = 638 ), treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors was associated with a significantly lower PVS compared with the diet/metformin reference group (mean difference − 3.40%, 95% CI − 6.14 to − 0.66%, p  = 0.015). The greatest reduction was observed under combined SGLT2i + GLP-1RA therapy (–6.50%, 95% CI − 12.25 to -0.75%, p  = 0.004), while individuals on GLP-1RA showed non-significant lower PVS values (–2.10%, 95% CI − 5.48 to 1.28%). In contrast, those treated with DPP-4 inhibitors exhibited a significantly higher PVS (+ 4.15%, 95% CI + 0.05 to + 8.85, p  = 0.008). No significant difference in PVS was found between insulin-treated individuals and those on diet/metformin. Conclusions T2D is associated with a modest but significant increase in PVS. Among antidiabetic agents, SGLT2 inhibitors -alone or in combination with GLP-1 RA- were associated with a contraction in PVS, suggesting favourable hemodynamic effects. Conversely, DPP4 inhibitors were linked to more expanded plasma volume. These findings highlight the differential hemodynamic impact of glucose-lowering therapies and support further prospective research to evaluate their role in cardiovascular protection in T2D. Graphical Abstract Differences in plasma volume status between subjects with type 2 diabetes and healthy controls, and across individuals with T2D receiving various antidiabetic therapies. Individuals with type 2 diabetes showed higher plasma volume status compared with controls. The graphical summary also highlights the relationship between treatment type and estimated plasma volume expansion, suggesting a potential impact of glucose-lowering agents on fluid balance.

A 10-month-old female domestic meerkat ( ) was presented with a cutaneous nodule in the left axillary region. The animal was clinically healthy and radiographs showed no evidence of involvement of visceral organs. Based on fine-needle aspirate that revealed numerous well-differentiated mast cells, a mast cell tumor was suspected. Surgical excision was performed and the mass submitted for histologic examination. Histopathological findings showed a round cell tumor, with marked cellular atypia and moderate mitotic activity; Giemsa special staining revealed a large number of fine cytoplasmic metachromatic granules. Histological and histochemical findings confirmed the cytological suspicion of a mast cell tumor. Based on prognostic factors used in the canine species, immunohistochemistry with antibodies against Ki67 (a marker of cellular proliferation) and CD117 (a KIT receptor localization marker) revealed that 90% of the neoplastic population was positive for CD117 (with a membranous staining pattern), and the Ki67 index was 28. The patient did not show local recurrence and sign of distant metastases at the 10 months follow-up. Based on literature search no previous reports of mast cell tumour in meerkats were retrieved. Therefore, this case highlights a previously undocumented presentation of mast cell tumor in this species, contributing to the expanding knowledge of neoplastic conditions in exotic companion animals.

To evaluate a novel anticoagulation strategy in an extracorporeal circuit, we introduce a device that induces local hypothermia as blood flows through the circuit. Using a pig model, we assessed its technical feasibility, biocompatibility, and safety. Sixteen pigs were randomly assigned to either the cooled group or the control group and underwent midline laparotomy to establish extracorporeal circulation (blood flow 500 ml/min) via the caudal vena cava for up to four hours. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at 15, 60, and 240 min during the experiment. In the cooled group, blood was cooled to 20 °C and then rewarmed to 37 °C, while in the control group, blood was maintained at 37 °C. A total of 6 cooled and 4 control pigs completed 4 h of the experiment. Our findings confirm the technical feasibility of the proposed device, which effectively maintained the required temperature differentials while keeping the pressure differentials in the circuit within 150 mmHg. No issues with circuit patency were observed. Additionally, no adverse effects were detected on erythrocyte stability. Within the limitation of the short observation period, no adverse effects were observed on renal, liver, or cardiac function. Our data suggest that local hypothermia in the extracorporeal circuit may mitigate surgery-induced inflammation.

Recent investigations have identified rare, phenotypically complex lymphoma variants, including cases exhibiting concurrent expression of T- and B-cell markers. These atypical presentations suggest perturbations in lymphoid differentiation programs or clonal evolution, necessitating more sophisticated diagnostic approaches. The concurrent expression of CD3 and CD20 in canine lymphomas represents a particularly compelling phenomenon documented across various anatomical sites. Molecular diagnostics, particularly PCR for Antigen Receptor Rearrangements (PARR), have provided crucial insights into these phenotypically complex cases, revealing concurrent clonal rearrangements of both TCRγ and IgH in selected cases, further challenging traditional classification paradigms. Here, we report 33 cases of canine double-positive lymphoma, retrieved with a retrospective analysis of the MyLAV Diagnostic Laboratory electronic database. Specifically, we report results of an integrated approach combining WHO-based morphological classification, comprehensive immunohistochemical immunophenotyping with T-cell (CD3 and CD5) and B-cell markers (CD20 and PAX5), and PARR analysis. The skin, oral/nasal mucosa and mucocutaneous junction were the most commonly affected sites, accounting for 24 cases (72.7%). All cases stained positive for CD3 and CD20 (100%), 32 (97%) for CD5, and only 12 (36.4%) for PAX5. Aberrant cytoplasmic localization of CD20 was found in 29 (87.9%) cases. Molecular analysis revealed rearrangement signals of TCR gene in 23 of 33 cases (69.7%) and of CBmajor or CBminor gene in 9 (27.3%). The findings emphasize that while immunohistochemistry remains a fundamental diagnostic tool, it may be insufficient in isolation for definitive lineage determination in these cases. PARR analysis emerges as an essential complementary technique for distinguishing between aberrant marker expression and true biphenotypic differentiation.

Case summary Ectopic thyroid tissue is rarely reported in dogs and cats in its prediaphragmatic location and has never been described in the liver. A 15-year-old spayed female domestic shorthair cat was diagnosed by ultrasound with a heterogeneous hypoechoic nodular area in the liver at the periphery of the quadrate lobe. A generic diagnosis of carcinoma was made after ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration and cytological examination. The patient underwent staging by CT scan and subsequently underwent hepatic lobectomy. Histologically, a diagnosis of thyroid adenocarcinoma was made, confirmed immunohistochemically using positive thyroglobulin staining; the tumour was suspected to be of metastatic origin. CT scans excluded primary thyroid involvement; in addition, lesions at other sites were not detected. Therefore, a final diagnosis of thyroid adenocarcinoma arising from ectopic thyroid tissue in the liver was made. The cat recovered uneventfully from surgery. Relevance and novel information This report describes an unusual case of an adenocarcinoma originating from presumed thyroid ectopic tissue within the liver of a cat. Ectopic thyroid tissue has been rarely reported in both dogs and cats and, to the authors’ knowledge, it has never been described in the liver of a cat.

Key Clinical Message The perioperative control of ammonia, reduction of stress, and administration of drugs tolerated in type 1 citrullinemia and Brugada pattern allowed the successful and uneventful management of general anesthesia in the study patient. The aim of this study was to report the targeted perioperative management of general anesthesia (GA) adopted for dental extractions in a rare patient with type 1 citrullinemia and Brugada pattern. A male, Caucasian, adult type 1 citrullinemia patient needed dental extractions under GA. The medical history showed neurodevelopmental impairment, growth retardation, epilepsy, and a Type 2 Brugada electrocardiographic pattern in the second precordial lead. The authors focused the anesthesiologic protocol on the prevention of hyperammonemia and fatal arrhythmias. Changes in diet and 10% glucose solution administration prevented protein catabolism due to the fasting period (ammonia was 44 μmol/L preoperatively and 46 μmol/L postoperatively; glycemia was 120 g/dL preoperatively and 153 g/dL postoperatively). The patient received a continuous electrocardiogram, noninvasive blood pressure, pulse oximeter, entropy monitoring, train‐of‐four monitoring, and external biphasic defibrillator pads. Midazolam, remifentanil, and dexamethasone were administered for pre‐anesthesia; thiopental and rocuronium for induction; remifentanil and desflurane for maintenance; sugammadex for decurarization. After the intraligamentary injection of lidocaine 2% with epinephrine 1:100,000 for local anesthesia, the patient developed a transient Type 1 Brugada pattern that lasted a few minutes. The whole procedure lasted 30 min. The patient's discharge to ward occurred 3 h after the end of GA. The perioperative management of ammonia, reduction of stress, and administration of drugs tolerated in Type 1 citrullinemia and Brugada pattern allowed the successful and uneventful administration of GA in the study patient.

Vaccinations are among the most effective medical procedures and have had an incredible impact on almost everyone’s life. One of the populations that can benefit the most from them are elderly people. Unfortunately, in this group, vaccines are less effective than in other groups, due to immunosenescence. The immune system ages like the whole body and becomes less effective in responding to infections and vaccinations. At the same time, immunosenescence also favors an inflammatory microenvironment, which is linked to many conditions typical of the geriatrics population. The microbiota is one of the key actors in modulating the immune response and, in this review, we discuss the current evidence on the role of microbiota in regulating the immune response to vaccines, particularly in elderly people.

Cutaneous lymphocytosis (CL) is an uncommon and controversial lymphoproliferative disorder described in dogs and cats. CL is generally characterized by a heterogeneous clinical presentation and histological features that may overlap with epitheliotropic lymphoma. Therefore, its neoplastic or reactive nature is still debated. Here, we describe clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, and clonality features of a retrospective case series of 19 cats and 10 dogs with lesions histologically compatible with CL. In both species, alopecia, erythema, and scales were the most frequent clinical signs. Histologically, a dermal infiltrate of small to medium-sized lymphocytes, occasionally extending to the subcutis, was always identified. Conversely, when present, epitheliotropism was generally mild. In cats, the infiltrate was consistently CD3+; in dogs, a mixture of CD3+ and CD20+ lymphocytes was observed only in 4 cases. The infiltrate was polyclonal in all cats, while BCR and TCR clonal rearrangements were identified in dogs. Overall, cats had a long-term survival (median overall survival = 1080 days) regardless of the treatment received, while dogs showed a shorter and variable clinical course, with no evident associations with clinicopathological features. In conclusion, our results support a reactive nature of the disease in cats, associated with prolonged survival; despite a similar histological picture, canine CL is associated with a more heterogeneous lymphocytic infiltrate, clonality results, and response to treatment, implying a more challenging discrimination between CL and CEL in this species. A complete diagnostic workup and detailed follow-up information on a higher number of cases is warrant for dogs.