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يتحدث الكتاب عن الإرشاد الجمعي حيث يتناول الأساليب والمهارات القيادية في الارشاد الجمعي والمراحل والعملة والقوى العلاجية في الإرشاد الجمعي وأهمية الهدف في الإرشاد الجمعي وخطط لمجموعتك وخطط لجلستك والشروع في العمل مرحلة البدء وحالة البدءويتناول الكتاب ايضا أساليب أساسية في القيادة الجماعية والتركيز على المجموعة وأساليب أساسية المقاطعة والأغراء في الكلام واستخدام الجولات والثنائيات واستخدام التمارين في الإرشاد الجمعي.

Null-hypothesis significance testing remains the standard inferential tool in cognitive science despite its serious disadvantages. Primary among these is the fact that the resulting probability value does not tell the researcher what he or she usually wants to know: How probable is a hypothesis, given the obtained data? Inspired by developments presented by Wagenmakers ( Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14 , 779–804, 2007 ), I provide a tutorial on a Bayesian model selection approach that requires only a simple transformation of sum-of-squares values generated by the standard analysis of variance. This approach generates a graded level of evidence regarding which model (e.g., effect absent [null hypothesis] vs. effect present [alternative hypothesis]) is more strongly supported by the data. This method also obviates admonitions never to speak of accepting the null hypothesis. An Excel worksheet for computing the Bayesian analysis is provided as supplemental material .

Federal funding for basic scientific research is the cornerstone of societal progress, economy, health and well-being. There is a direct relationship between financial investment in science and a nation's scientific discoveries, making it a priority for governments to distribute public funding appropriately in support of the best science. However, research grant proposal success rate and funding level can be skewed toward certain groups of applicants, and such skew may be driven by systemic bias arising during grant proposal evaluation and scoring. Policies to best redress this problem are not well established. Here, we show that funding success and grant amounts for applications to Canada's Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) Discovery Grant program (2011-2014) are consistently lower for applicants from small institutions. This pattern persists across applicant experience levels, is consistent among three criteria used to score grant proposals, and therefore is interpreted as representing systemic bias targeting applicants from small institutions. When current funding success rates are projected forward, forecasts reveal that future science funding at small schools in Canada will decline precipitously in the next decade, if skews are left uncorrected. We show that a recently-adopted pilot program to bolster success by lowering standards for select applicants from small institutions will not erase funding skew, nor will several other post-evaluation corrective measures. Rather, to support objective and robust review of grant applications, it is necessary for research councils to address evaluation skew directly, by adopting procedures such as blind review of research proposals and bibliometric assessment of performance. Such measures will be important in restoring confidence in the objectivity and fairness of science funding decisions. Likewise, small institutions can improve their research success by more strongly supporting productive researchers and developing competitive graduate programming opportunities.

The prospect of speed reading—reading at an increased speed without any loss of comprehension—has undeniable appeal. Speed reading has been an intriguing concept for decades, at least since Evelyn Wood introduced her Reading Dynamics training program in 1959. It has recently increased in popularity, with speed-reading apps and technologies being introduced for smartphones and digital devices. The current article reviews what the scientific community knows about the reading process—a great deal—and discusses the implications of the research findings for potential students of speed-reading training programs or purchasers of speed-reading apps. The research shows that there is a trade-off between speed and accuracy. It is unlikely that readers will be able to double or triple their reading speeds (e.g., from around 250 to 500-750 words per minute) while still being able to understand the text as well as if they read at normal speed. If a thorough understanding of the text is not the reader's goal, then speed reading or skimming the text will allow the reader to get through it faster with moderate comprehension. The way to maintain high comprehension and get through text faster is to practice reading and to become a more skilled language user (e.g., through increased vocabulary). This is because language skill is at the heart of reading speed.

As a potential alternative to standard null hypothesis significance testing, we describe methods for graphical presentation of data - particularly condition means and their corresponding confidence intervals - for a wide range of factorial designs used in experimental psychology. We describe and illustrate confidence intervals specifically appropriate for between-subject versus within-subject factors. For designs involving more than two levels of a factor, we describe the use of contrasts for graphical illustration of theoretically meaningful components of main effects and interactions. These graphical techniques lend themselves to a natural and straightforward assessment of statistical power. Les moyens habituels pour évaluer les données des expériences supposent l'application de méthodes d'essai d'une hypothèse nulle à l'aide de tests statistiques comme les tests t et les analyses de la variance. Un certain nombre de désavantages de l'approche du test de signification de l'hypothèse nulle pour tirer des conclusions à partir des données ont été identifiés dans les débats courants qui entourent l'utilité de l'approche. En tant que méthodes alternatives éventuelles aux méthodes d'essai d'une hypothèse nulle et particulièrement en tant qu'autre moyen que de se fier au concept du rejet de l'hypothèse nulle, nous décrivons des méthodes de présentation graphique des données, particulièrement les moyennes de condition et leurs intervalles de confiance correspondants. La motivation pour une présentation graphique des moyennes avec des intervalles de confiance est de mettre l'accent sur l'interprétation du modèle de moyennes, y compris l'estimation de l'importance des différences entre les moyennes et le niveau de confiance qui peut être accordé à ces estimations. Cette approche peut être mise en contraste avec l'idée centrale qui sous-tend les méthodes d'essai d'une hypothèse nulle, soit de faire des décisions binaires au sujet des hypothèses nulles. Pour faciliter l'application de l'interprétation des données graphiques, nous décrivons des méthodes de calcul des intervalles pour les moyennes qui sont appropriées à une vaste gamme de conceptions factorielles utilisés en psychologie expérimentale. Même si la construction d'intervalles de confiance pour des échantillons indépendants de sujets est une technique relativement bien connue, les intervalles de confiance pour des conceptions intrinsèques au sujet le sont moins. Nous nous appuyons sur notre recherche antérieure ( Loftus & Masson, 1994 ), qui fournit la justification d'une méthode de construction des intervalles de confiance pour les conceptions intrinsèques au sujet. Dans ces conceptions, même si les intervalles de confiance ne livrent pas d'information sur les valeurs absolues des moyennes de population, ils sont très utiles dans l'interprétation des modèles de différence entre les moyennes. À l'aide d'ensembles de données hypothétiques nous illustrons la construction d'intervalles de confiance qui sont tout particulièrement appropriés aux conceptions entre sujet par opposition à intrinsèques au sujet, ainsi que des intervalles de confiance pour des conceptions factorielles pures et mixtes. Ces intervalles de confiance sont calculés à l'aide de termes d'erreurs MS appropriés produit dans le cadre du calcul standard des méthodes d'essai d'une hypothèse nulle. Pour les conceptions faisant appel à plus de deux niveaux d'un facteur, nous décrivons l'utilisation de contrastes fondés sur des combinaisons pondérées de moyennes de conditions. Ces contrastes peuvent être tracés comme des effets avec des intervalles de confiance correspondants et, par conséquent, fournissent une illustration graphique de composants significatifs d'un point de vue théorique d'effets principaux et d'interactions. Ces techniques graphiques se prêtent à une évaluation naturelle et explicite de la puissance statistique. En général, des intervalles de confiance plus petits supposent une plus grande puissance statistique. Toutefois, dans le contexte de l'interprétation graphique des données, la puissance ne renvoie pas à la probabilité du rejet d'une hypothèse nulle, mais au niveau de confiance qu'on peut mettre dans le modèle observé de différences entre les moyennes.

Manipulable objects have the potential to evoke mental representations of hand actions. Behavioural evidence favouring the view that this process happens automatically while passively viewing objects is critically examined. A case is made for the alternative proposal that objects may evoke action representations when observers concurrently operate with an intention to engage in a reach-and-grasp action. In addition, the nature of hand action representations was examined by considering two components of actions, hand selection and wrist orientation, and it is shown that the relationship between these dimensions is modulated by task context. When an action representation is evoked by a task-irrelevant object, these two dimensions are to a large extent independent of one another, but when an observer prepares an action for immediate production, these two action features are hierarchically integrated, with hand selection dominating the hierarchy. Les objets manipulables ont le potentiel de susciter des représentations mentales d'actions manuelles. Les preuves comportementales démontrant que ce processus se fait automatiquement lors de l'observation passive d'objets sont soumises à un examen critique. Une hypothèse alternative est mise de l'avant suggérant que les objets peuvent susciter des représentations d'action lorsque les observateurs agissent en même temps avec l'intention de s'engager dans une action d'atteinte et de saisie. En outre, la nature des représentations d'actions manuelles a été examinée en tenant compte de deux éléments d'action, le choix de main et l'orientation du poignet, et il est démontré que la relation entre ces dimensions est modulée par le contexte de la tâche. Lorsque la représentation de l'action est suscitée par un objet sans relation avec la tâche, ces deux dimensions sont, dans une large mesure, indépendantes l'une de l'autre, mais lorsqu'un observateur prépare une action en vue d'une production immédiate, ces deux caractéristiques d'action sont intégrées de façon hiérarchique, le choix de main dominant la hiérarchie. Public Significance Statement Knowledge about objects includes the actions we use when interacting with them. This work describes how action knowledge is recruited when people encounter objects and demonstrates differences between this action knowledge and what happens when a person prepares to perform an action. These different ways of organizing our thoughts about actions appear to be associated with different brain regions.

For luminescence dating of potassium-rich (K) feldspars, the presence of 40K within the K-feldspar grains contributes significantly to the internal dose rate of the sample. Whilst it is common practice to determine uranium, thorium,, and potassium concentrations for external dose rate calculations, the vast majority of studies do not measure the internal K concentration. Instead, most studies apply published K concentrations of 10 ± 2 % (Smedley et al., 2012), 12.5 ± 0.5 % (Huntley and Baril, 1997), or 13 ± 1 % (Zhao and Li, 2005) to their samples. The use of these high literature-based K concentrations is usually justified by two assumptions: (i) only K-feldspar grains with high K concentrations contribute to the luminescence signal significantly, and (ii) we reliably exclude Na-feldspar luminescence signals using filters, with a narrow transmission window around the K-feldspar emission peak of ∼ 410 nm. However, these assumptions may not apply to all samples, and assuming K concentrations that are too high might result in significant dose rate overestimation. To investigate the effect of the internal K concentration on the dose rate and the validity of the above-mentioned assumptions, we determine the K concentration of a set of 10 density-separated sand-sized K-feldspar samples of different geological origin and chemical composition using four different techniques. We quantify their K concentration on the bulk level using a wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer and a β counter and on the single-grain level using a micro X-ray fluorescence spectrometer and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with an energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) attachment. We use the SEM-EDX single-grain results to calculate two luminescence-weighted K estimates. These two estimates, effective K and luminescent grains, connect the K concentration of a grain to its luminescence signal intensity. Our experimental results show that (1) there is a good agreement between bulk and average single-grain K-concentration measurements, (2) single-grain K concentrations within one sample can be highly variable across the entire physically possible range of K concentrations for feldspars, and (3) the blue luminescence emission is not dominated by K-rich feldspar grains. For most samples there are considerable differences between the published and the measured K concentrations. These differences result in overestimation of the total dose rate of up to 34.6 % compared to dose rates calculated using measured K concentrations. We therefore suggest routinely measuring the bulk K concentration of each sample, complemented by additional single-grain K-concentration measurements.

A widely held though debatable claim is that the picture of an object like a frying pan automatically elicits features of a left/right-handed grasp action even in perceptual tasks that make no demands on the observer to consider the graspable properties of the depicted object. Here, we sought to further elucidate this claim by relying on a methodology that allowed us to distinguish between the influence of motor versus spatial codes on the selection of a left/right-handed response while electroencephalographic data were recorded. In our experiment, participants classified images of frying pans as upright or inverted using a left/right key press or by making a left/right-handed reach-and-grasp action towards a centrally located response element while we recorded electroencephalographic (EEG) data. In line with previous evidence (Bub, Masson, & van Noordenne, Journal of Experiment Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 47 (1), 53–80, 2021 ), these two modes of responding generated distinct correspondence effects on performance induced by the same set of images. In terms of our EEG data, we found that neither motor (the lateralized readiness potential) nor visual (N100 and P100) potentials were sensitive to handle-response hand correspondence. However, an exploratory theta analysis revealed that changes in frontal theta power mirrored the different correspondence effects evoked by the image on key press responses versus reach and grasp actions. Importantly, our results provide a link between these disparate effects and the engagement of cognitive control, highlighting a possible role of top-down control processes in separating motor features from the task-irrelevant features of an object, and thus in claims regarding object affordances more generally.

Flavescence dorée (FD) is a quarantine disease of grapevine, involving interactions between the plants, leafhopper vectors, and FD phytoplasma. Characterizing the susceptibility of vine varieties could limit disease propagation. After extensive surveys in vineyards, we showed that Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) is highly susceptible, with a high proportion of symptomatic branches and phytoplasma titers, in contrast to Merlot (M). Localized insect transmissions and grafting showed that phytoplasma circulate in the whole plant in the CS cultivar, but in M they are restricted to the transmission point. Insect-mediated transmission under high confinement mimicking natural conditions confirmed these phenotypes and allowed the classification of 28 accessions into three distinct categories, according to the percentage of infected plants and their phytoplasma titers. Reduced symptoms, low phytoplasma titers, and low percentages of infected plants were found to be associated in the cultivars tested. Interestingly, the low susceptibility of M was observed for one of its parents, i.e., Magdeleine Noire des Charentes. Rootstocks and their parents, although having high percentages of infected plants and intermediate to high phytoplasma titers, shared a symptomless response. This is troubling, because rootstocks can constitute a silent reservoir of contamination in mother plants or when they grow wild nearby vineyards. Altogether, data suggest distribution of genetic traits within the genus involved in insect-mediated phytoplasma transmission, multiplication, circulation, and symptom development.

This article sets the stage for a debate, played out in two subsequent articles in this issue by Glenberg and by Mahon, regarding the role of embodied conceptual representations in cognitive operations such as language understanding and object identification. On an embodied view of cognition, championed by Glenberg, conceptual knowledge and thought are necessarily grounded in sensorimotor representations. The contrary position, advocated by Mahon, is that symbolic thought is the foundation for cognition and is independent of such representations, although it may coincidentally evoke them. I review a few of the many available demonstrations showing that cognition is influenced by sensorimotor representations. Then, taking Mahon's perspective, I illustrate how examples from various classes of these demonstrations can be explained by mechanisms other than embodiment of conceptual representations. I close with an example of what can be taken as evidence for the representation of a behavioural goal that is abstract in the sense that it is not coded directly as an embodied action. Cet article ouvre la porte à un débat, mené dans deux articles subséquents du présent numéro par Glenberg et Mahon, traitant du rôle des représentations conceptuelles incarnées dans les opérations cognitives telles la compréhension du langage et l'identification d'objets. Dans une perspective incarnée de la cognition, avancée par Glenberg, les connaissances et pensées conceptuelles sont obligatoirement ancrées dans les représentations sensorimotrices. La position contraire, défendue par Mahon, stipule que la pensée symbolique est à la base de la cognition et indépendante de telles représentations, bien qu'elles puissent, par pure coincidence, les évoquer. J'examine une sélection des nombreuses démonstrations disponibles illustrant que la cognition est influencée par les représentations sensorimotrices. Ensuite, en utilisant la perspective de Mahon, je montre comment des exemples de diverses classes de ces représentations s'expliquent par des mécanismes autres que l'incarnation de représentations conceptuelles. Je conclus avec un exemple de ce qui pourrait être considéré comme preuve pour la représentation d'un but comportemental qui est abstrait dans le sens où il n'est pas codé directement comme une action incarnée.