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"Matthews, Neil"
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The Chilterns & the Thames Valley
\"This new title from Bradt forms part of its distinctive 'Slow' travel series and is the only title available to cover the Chilterns and Thames Valley in depth. The area does not correspond to the specific boundaries of one county or region, old or new. Bedfordshire, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Hertfordshire and Oxfordshire -- and even a small part of Surrey -- all have a share. Included are iconic places such as Windsor, Eton and Runnymede, as well as the Meetings House in Jordans village, the burial place of Pennsylvania founder William Penn. Also included is Daws Hill, where US VII Air Force Bomber Command was stationed from February 1942.\"--Amazon.com.
Book
The Impact of ‘Selfie’ Tourism on the Behaviour and Welfare of Brown-Throated Three-Toed Sloths
The use of wild animals as photo props is prevalent across the globe and is widely recognised to represent a potential animal welfare concern. However, detailed information regarding the specific impacts of such activity on wild animal behaviour is currently lacking. Herein, we investigated how brown-throated three-toed sloths (Bradypus variegatus) were handled by tourists, and how sloths behaved during wildlife ‘selfies’ taken in Manaus, Brazil and Puerto Alegria and Iquitos in Peru. In total, we observed 17 sloths (during 70 focal observations) that were provided for use in wildlife selfies on 34 different tours. We found that an average number of 5 people held each sloth during each focal observation. For 48.6% of the time the sloths were handled in a way which involved physical manipulation of the sloths’ head and/or limbs and/or being held by the claws. From the eight different types of sloth behaviour observed, we found that the two types performed for the longest average duration of time were surveillance (55.3%) and limb stretching (12.6%). Our findings show that when being handled sloths were frequently held in ways that may compromise their welfare. Although to date the behaviour of sloths while being handled has not been reported in any published literature, in this study we document certain behaviours which may act as indicators of compromised welfare. We suggest that our data provides a potential baseline for future study into the behaviour and welfare of sloths.
Journal Article
A review of wildlife ecotourism in Manaus, Brazil
The Amazon’s ability to draw tourists is thought to be strongly associated with the opportunity to have sight of and interact with iconic wild animals. Tourism leaders are calling for the private and public sectors to develop wildlife focused ecotourism in this region. However, specific information regarding current practice and their impact on wildlife is lacking. Although wildlife ecotourism here remains in its relative infancy, our study demonstrates that a wide variety of wildlife-focused activities are already being promoted and provided to tourists who visit the city of Manaus in Brazil. Issues of potential wildlife conservation and animal welfare concern include wildlife-baiting, swim-with free-ranging pink river dolphin activity, the use of captive wild animals as photo props and the sale of wildlife body parts as souvenirs. We found that tour guides actively promoted these activities on 77% of excursions attended, which involved a range of different wild animals, representing at least 10 different species from three different taxonomic classes. From a legal perspective, despite the potential risks imposed to wildlife and tourist well-being, there are still no specific laws regulating feeding, touching and swimming with pink river dolphins in Brazil. However, the illegality of advertising and providing direct physical contact wildlife ‘photo prop’ tourism is demonstrated by enforcement action taken by wildlife authorities during our study. We suggest that tourist focused human behavior change initiatives should become a critical component of a wider holistic approach to effectively balance wildlife protection goals and any expansion of wildlife ecotourism in the Amazon.
Journal Article
Experimental Studies into the Analysis Required for the Durability Assessment of 7075 and 6061 Cold Spray Repairs to Military Aircraft
This paper presents an experimental study into the analysis required for the durability assessment of 7075 and 6061 cold spray repairs to military aircraft. To this end, it is first shown that provided the bulk stress in a 7075 cold spray coating can be kept beneath approximately 150 MPa, then the coating should not crack. A range of examples are presented in which the interface between the coating and the substrate only fails subsequent to crack growth in the substrate. We also show that failure of cold spray repaired/coated panels can also be due to the nucleation and growth of cracks in the substructure immediately adjacent to the coated/repaired region. As such, when performing a durability analysis for a cold spray repair, the growth of such small naturally occurring cracks, both at the interface and immediately adjacent to the ends of the coating, need to be accounted for.
Journal Article
Ultra-High-Speed Laser Cladding of Stellite® 6 Alloy on Mild Steel
Ultra-high-speed laser cladding, which refers to metal deposition at speeds > 20 m/min or rates of 120 cm
2
/min, is an emerging technique that extends the conventional laser cladding process envelope without compromising the coating quality. This research investigates the effects of the laser energy density (2.56–15.00 J/mm
2
) and powder stream focal position relative to the substrate (0.2–0.8 mm) on the clad layer thickness and as-deposited microstructure of Stellite
®
6 coating on mild steel substrate. The laser energy density was found to be the dictating factor affecting the coating thickness, chemical composition, as-deposited microstructure, and overall coating quality. The powder stream focal position above the substrate surface determined the heated powder volume above the substrate, leading to increased coating thickness. The clad layer thickness can be controlled via changing the laser energy density and powder stream focal position.
Journal Article
The Evolution of Party Policy and Cleavage Voting under Power-Sharing in Northern Ireland
This article argues that post-conflict consociational arrangements in ethnically divided societies incentivize moderation by political parties, but not policy differentiation outside the main conflict. This results in little policy-driven voting. Analysing party manifestos and voter survey data, we examine the evolution of party policy and cleavage voting under power-sharing in Northern Ireland 1998–2016. We find a reduction in ethno-national policy differences between parties and that ethno-nationalism has become less important in predicting vote choice for Protestants, but not Catholics. We also find little party differentiation in other policy areas and show that vote choices are largely independent of people's policy stances on economic or social issues. Our findings are thus largely consistent with a ‘top-down’ interpretation of political dynamics.
Journal Article
The changing face of party policy selection in post-devolution Northern Ireland
This article provides a comparative and longitudinal analysis of the policy selection methods adopted by Northern Ireland’s five main parties. Drawing on data from multiple sources, it sheds light on an important element of intra-party democracy and party organisation in the region. Accounting for instances of reform, this article reveals the extent to which the parties have altered their procedures following the introduction of devolved power-sharing in 1998. Policy development is revealed to be primarily top-down in nature, with a clear professionalisation of the process in recent times. In a concurrent development, parties have also adopted a more proactive and, typically, consultative approach to policy development, affording ordinary members greater opportunities to register their views. However, such consultation also privileges several actors outside the parties’ boundaries, a finding which raises questions concerning both their organisational integrity and the nature and meaning of conventional party membership in Northern Ireland.
Journal Article
Review of Requirements for the Durability and Damage Tolerance Certification of Additively Manufactured Aircraft Structural Parts and AM Repairs
The USAF requirements for the durability and damage tolerance certification for additively manufactured (AM) aircraft structural parts, which are detailed in Structures Bulletin EZ-19-01, raise a number of new and, as yet, unanswered questions. The present paper attempts to address three questions: How to perform a fracture mechanics-based analysis of crack growth in an AM part so as to account for the residual stresses, how to perform a fracture mechanics-based durability analysis of a cold spray repair so as to account for both the induced residual stresses and the presence of multiple co-located cracks, and how to perform a fracture mechanics-based durability analysis of an AM part so as to account for the presence of multiple collocated surface braking cracks. In this context, the present paper reveals the potential of the Hartman–Schijve variant of the NASGRO crack growth equation to accurately predict the growth of each of the individual (collocated) cracks that arose in a cold spray-repaired specimen and in a specimen from a crack that nucleated and grew from a rough surface.
Journal Article
Effect of in situ tempering on the mechanical, microstructural and corrosion properties of 316L stainless steel laser-cladded coating on mild steel
316L stainless steel coatings were deposited on mild steel substrate using laser cladding technique. The mechanical, microstructural and corrosion properties of the coatings were performed and analysed using axial tensile testing, Vickers micro-hardness testing, optical as well as electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, fractography, dye penetrant testing and electrochemical potentiostat testing. Two types of coatings were studied; single-layer (1-L) and multi-layer (3-L). Both these coatings demonstrated good metallurgical bonding with low dilution with the substrate. The tensile strengths of both the 1-L and 3-L specimens were fairly similar; however, the ductility of the 3-L samples was significantly lower (by about 54%) compared to 1-L samples. Moreover, the 3-L specimens were found to be more susceptible to corrosion. This was attributed to the harder regions of the 3-L clad owing to the in situ tempering of the microstructure by the additional heat imparted through two sacrificial layers. In essence, it can be concluded from this study that a single-layer 316L stainless steel clad coating exhibits better corrosion resistance, whereas a multi-layer clad coating with sacrificial layers exhibits better coating hardness. These results are very important in determining the right coating type/strategy for the desired applications.
Journal Article
Computing the Fatigue Life of Cold Spray Repairs to Simulated Corrosion Damage
This paper summarises the findings of an investigation into the durability of cold spray repairs, also known as supersonic particle deposition or SPD repairs, to simulated corrosion damage in AA7075-T7351 aluminium alloy specimens. A feature of this paper is that it is the first to show how to perform the mandatory durability analysis of repaired corroded structures, where the corroded material is first removed by machining and then repaired using cold spray, in a fashion consistent with the requirements delineated in USAF Structures Bulletin EZ-19-01, MIL-STD-1530D, and the US Joint Services Structural Guidelines JSSG2006.
Journal Article