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During pregnancy many agents can be teratogenic i.e. can be dangerous for embryo or fetus and cause differentiated adverse effects. Teratogenic agents include substances (e.g. many pharmaceuticals, mycotoxins – e.g. aflatoxins and ochratoxin A), radiation (e.g. X/RTG, γ) and infectious agents. The latter include bacteria (e.g. Listeria monocytogenes, Treponema pallidum), protozoa (e.g. Toxoplasma gondii) and viruses (e.g. ZIKV, parvovirus B19, herpesviruses: CMV, HSV, VZV). Quite a few pathogens can be vertically transmitted, i.e. through placenta (poorly understood mechanism), but not all are typical teratogenic agents (TORCH group). Infection during gestation can be oligosymptomatic or asymptomatic for the mother, nevertheless can also be fatal for the child, causing among others IUGR, SNHL, malformation (e.g. microcephaly, limb defects), abortion. Some (but not all) of these abnormalities can be non-invasively diagnosed by ultrasonography (USG) and prevented by vaccination (in case of the rubella and varicella). In some countries routine serological diagnostics for selected pathogens are performed during pregnancy. Generally transplacental transmission occur mostly during initial (primary) infection and are most dangerous during the first and second trimester (intensive morphogenesis and organogenesis). Conversely chance of fetus infection usually increases with time and is highest in the third trimester.1. Introduction. 2. Placenta. 3. Preterm delivery and vaginosis. 4. TORCH group. 5. Teratogenic microorganisms and viruses. 5.1. Bacteria. 5.2. Protozoa. 5.3. Viruses. 6. Mycotoxins. 6.1. Description of selected mycotoxins. 7. Summary

Negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is used to treat many different types of wounds, but there is still a lack of large studies describing its effectiveness in breast surgery. Enhanced recovery, reduction of complications, and good scar quality might be improved by the application of NPWT. Existing data show that vacuumassisted closure (VAC) application after expander-based breast reconstruction may be beneficial because of decreasing overall complications in comparison with standard wound treatment. There are few cases in which the use of negative pressure resulted in healing of complicated breast wounds after implant insertion – most breasts achieved healing, wherein duration of NPWT ranged from seven to 21 days. The use of NPWT leads to a decrease of seroma formation (from 70% to 15%), the mean percutaneous aspirated volume (from 193 ml to 26 ml) and the numbers of percutaneous aspirations (from three to one) in latissimus dorsi flap reconstruction. Furthermore, a prospective, within-patient, randomised study with 200 participants showed that treating closed incisional wounds after reduction mammoplasty with a VAC system resulted in a decrease of overall complications and protected against wound dehiscence. In the literature, there are cases showing that NPWT may be useful for the successful treatment of chronic and non-healing wounds, included non-puerperal mastitis and surgical sites affected by radiation therapy due to breast cancer. There is still a need for evidence confirming the effectiveness of NPWT in breast surgery because of the deficiency of large prospective studies that compare NPWT with standard treatment.