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We construct a multi-parametric family of quasi-rational solutions to the focusing NLS equation, presenting a profile of multiple rogue waves. These solutions have also been used by us to construct a large family of smooth, real localized rational solutions of the KP-I equation quite different from the multi-lumps solutions first constructed in Bordag et al. (1977). The physical relevance of both equations is very large. From the point of view of geosciences,the focusing NLS equation is relevant to the description of surface waves in deep water, and the KP-I equation occurs in the description of capillary gravitational waves on a liquid surface, but also when one considers magneto-acoustic waves in plasma (Zhdanov, 1984) etc. In addition, there are plenty of equations of physical importance, having their origin in fiber optics, hydrodynamics, plasma physics and many other areas, which are gauge equivalent to the NLS equation or to the KP-I equation. Therefore our results can be easily extended to a large number of systems of physical interest to be discussed in separate publications.

The highlights of the 24th International Exposition Glass World held in Moscow are briefly cited. About 100 companies from 12 countries of the world participated. New manufacturing and quality-control technologies of glass products and the main structural components of glass furnaces and methods of their high-quality production are demonstrated at the exposition. Examples of the most successful enterprises in the glass industry are given.

The authors argue that a market monetary approach to environmental management is not effective. In this regard, the article proposes theoretical background and practical recommendations for creating a global ecology management system based on the operational assessment of the current environmental impact magnitude. This system allows calculating the environmental value of products, as well as a number of key indicators of environmental performance, which are direct analogues of economic performance indicators. The proposed economic approach, based on the use of accounting methods, provides an opportunity to establish a mathematically accurate correlation between the economic and environmental results of economic and other related activities.The application of carbon emission data for selecting the “cleanest” type of generator that provides the least amount of total globally significant CO 2 emissions has been analyzed as an example.

Identifying, counting and measuring particles is an important component of many research studies. Images with particles are usually processed by hand using a software ruler. Automated processing, based on conventional image processing methods (edge detection, segmentation, etc.) are not universal, can only be used on good-quality images and need to set a number of parameters empirically. In this paper, we present results from the application of deep learning to automated recognition of metal nanoparticles deposited on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite on images obtained by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). We used the Cascade Mask-RCNN neural network. Training was performed on a dataset containing 23 STM images with 5157 nanoparticles. Three images containing 695 nanoparticles were used for verification. As a result, the trained neural network recognized nanoparticles in the verification set with 0.93 precision and 0.78 recall. Predicted contour refining with 2D Gaussian function was a proposed option. The accuracies for mean particle size calculated from predicted contours compared with ground truth were in the range of 0.87–0.99. The results were compared with outcomes from other generally available software, based on conventional image processing methods. The advantages of deep learning methods for automatic particle recognition were clearly demonstrated. We developed a free open-access web service “ParticlesNN” based on the trained neural network, which can be used by any researcher in the world.

Recent advancements in experimental and computational methods for RNA secondary structure detection have revealed the crucial role of RNA structural elements in diverse molecular processes within living cells. It has been demonstrated that the secondary structure of the entire viral genome is often responsible for performing crucial functions in the viral life cycle and also influences virus evolution. To investigate the role of viral RNA secondary structure, alongside experimental techniques, the use of bioinformatics tools is important for analyzing various secondary structure patterns, including hairpin loops, internal loops, multifurcations, external loops, bulges, stems, and pseudoknots. Here, we have introduced a Python package for analyzing RNA secondary structure elements in viral genomes, which includes the recognition of common secondary structure patterns, the generation of descriptive statistics for these structural elements, and the provision of their basic properties. We applied the developed package to analyze the secondary structures of complete viral genomes collected from the literature, aiming to gain insights into viral function and evolution. Both the package and the collection of secondary structures of viral genomes are available at http://github.com/KazanovLab/RNAsselem .

We generalize the celebrated results of Bernhard Riemann and Gaston Darboux: we give necessary and sufficient conditions for a bilinear form to be flat. More precisely, we give explicit necessary and sufficient conditions for a tensor field of type (0, 2) which is not necessary symmetric or skew-symmetric, and is possibly degenerate, to have constant entries in a local coordinate system.

Ribavirin and its analogues exhibit an in vitro antiproliferative effect in cancer cells. In this work, we studied the biological activities of a number of alkyl/aryloxymethyl derivatives of ribavirin’s aglycon—1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide. Alkyl/arylxymethyl derivatives of 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide with substitutions at the fifth or first position of the triazole ring, were synthesized and their antiproliferative and antimicrobial effects were assessed. For both series, the presence of an antiproliferative effect was investigated, and 1-alkyl/aryloxymethyl derivatives were shown an antimicrobial potential against a Gram-positive bacteria Micrococcus luteus and Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The obtained results showed that the n-decyloxymethyl derivatives induced leukemia cell death at low micromolar concentrations. We confirmed that n-decyloxymethyl derivatives of ribavirin inhibited the cell cycle progression and induced an accumulation of leukemia cells in the subG1-phase. The molecular docking results suggest that alkyl/aryloxymethyl derivatives may act by inhibiting translation initiation, due to interference with eIF4E assembly. The outcome results revealed that active derivatives (1- or 5-n-decyloxymethyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamides) can be considered as a lead compound for anticancer treatments.

Since the 1880s, the concept of compartmentalizing through membranes has taken a firm place in cell physiology and has defined the objects, methods, and goals of physiologists’ research for decades. A huge mass of biologists know about the important role of intra-membrane pumps, channels, and lipids, and various hypotheses about the origin of life often begin with explanations about how the lipid membrane occurred, without which it is impossible to imagine the origin of a living cell. Against this background, there was a dissonance of statements that there are membraneless organelles in the cell, the functions of which are rapidly expanding under our eyes. Physically, they are similar to coacervate droplets, which from time to time were used to explain the origin of life, and now the coacervates are being more and more often discussed when describing the physics of the nucleus and cytoplasm of modern cells. However, ideas about the coacervate nature of cytoplasm/protoplasm originated in the first half of the 19th Century, when the contents of cells were likened to jelly, but this approach gradually faded into the shadows. Nevertheless, limited research in this area continued and was completed in the form of a membraneless cell physiology. Now that the focus of attention has turned to membraneless compartmentalization, it’s time to remember the past. The sorption properties of proteins are the physical basis of membraneless cell because of water adsorbed by proteins changes the physical state of any biomolecular system, from supramolecular and subcellular structures to the cell as a whole. A thermodynamic aqueous phase is formed because adsorbed water does not mix with ordinary water and, in this cause, is separated from the surrounding solution in the form of a compartment. This article discusses the fundamental physical properties of such a phase – a biophase. As it turned out, the Meyer–Overton rule, which led to the idea of a lipid membrane, also applies to membraneless condensates.

Diffusion coefficients of ions and water have been measured in two- and three-component concentrated (“water-in-salt”) aqueous solutions of KOAc and LiOAc, which were proposed as new electrolytes for water-based Li-ion batteries. It was demonstrated that the diffusion coefficient for acetate anion is greater than for lithium cation one in the KOAc-containing solutions and the difference grows under increasing concentration of potassium acetate. Water diffusion is also faster comparing with lithium cation and acetate anion in all solutions studied. Temperature dependences of spin–lattice relaxation rates (1/ T 1 ) of 1 H, 7 Li, and 39 K nuclei have been measured for both ions and water. The dependences do not reach their maxima for most samples, and only for acetate anion in sample IV (31.9 mol KOAc–8.0 mol LiOAc–H 2 O) it turned out to be possible the reliable calculation of the rotational correlation time τ c . Comparison of the translational (via D) and rotational (via τ c ) mobility of the acetate anion near the eutectic point showed that the Stokes–Einstein relation is valid for this solution only in a small high-temperature part of the studied range, but not for the lower temperatures.

This work is devoted to the study of the composition and structure of thin “spin-on glass” films and xerogels prepared from silica sols containing platinum and palladium compounds, both separately and together. The thickness and concentration distribution of Pt/Pd nanoparticles (NPs) in silica films depending on the concentration of precursors of platinum and palladium in silica sols were determined using the method of X-ray reflectometry. The composition and size of Pt/Pd nanoparticles formed in xerogels and thin films were determined in the nanometer and submicron ranges by means of atomic force and transmission electron microscopy of high resolution as well as by means of X-ray diffraction analysis. It was also determined that bimetallic Pt/Pd nanoparticles possess a common crystal lattice forming clusters with the structure of a mixed alloy type. Highlights Pt/Pd NPs with bimetallic crystal lattices form from TEOS-derived sols doped with Pt and Pd. The size of Pt/Pd bimetallic NPs formed in films is 5–6 nm and of the ones formed in xerogels–10–18 nm. A Pt and Pd concentration gradient is detected in 30–40 nm-thick doped silica films. Pt/Pd crystallites up to 70 nm in size form at the meso level as well.