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"Maxwell, Alyssa"
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Murder at the Breakers : a Gilded Newport mystery
\"As the nineteenth century comes to a close, the illustrious Vanderbilt family dominates Newport, Rhode Island, high society. But when murder darkens a glittering affair at the Vanderbilt summer home, reporter Emma Cross learns that sometimes the actions of the cream of society can curdle one's blood...\"--P. [4] of cover.
Book
Syringeal vocal folds do not have a voice in zebra finch vocal development
Vocal behavior can be dramatically changed by both neural circuit development and postnatal maturation of the body. During song learning in songbirds, both the song system and syringeal muscles are functionally changing, but it is unknown if maturation of sound generators within the syrinx contributes to vocal development. Here we densely sample the respiratory pressure control space of the zebra finch syrinx in vitro. We show that the syrinx produces sound very efficiently and that key acoustic parameters, minimal fundamental frequency, entropy and source level, do not change over development in both sexes. Thus, our data suggest that the observed acoustic changes in vocal development must be attributed to changes in the motor control pathway, from song system circuitry to muscle force, and not by material property changes in the avian analog of the vocal folds. We propose that in songbirds, muscle use and training driven by the sexually dimorphic song system are the crucial drivers that lead to sexual dimorphism of the syringeal skeleton and musculature. The size and properties of the instrument are thus not changing, while its player is.
Journal Article
Murder at Marble House : a gilded Newport mystery
With the dawn of the twentieth century on the horizon, the fortunes of the venerable Vanderbilt family still shine brightly in the glittering high society of Newport, Rhode Island. But when a potential scandal strikes, the Vanderbilts turn to cousin and society page reporter Emma Cross to solve a murder of a fortune teller and the disappearance of Consuelo Vanderbilt.
Book
In-air hearing of the great cormorant ( Phalacrocorax carbo )
Many aquatic birds use sounds extensively for in-air communication. Regardless of this, we know very little about their hearing abilities. The in-air audiogram of a male adult great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) was determined using psychophysical methods (method of constants). Hearing thresholds were derived using pure tones of five different frequencies. The lowest threshold was at 2 kHz: 18 dB re 20 µPa rms. Thresholds derived using signal detection theory were within 2 dB of the ones derived using classical psychophysics. The great cormorant is more sensitive to in-air sounds than previously believed and its hearing abilities are comparable to several other species of birds of similar size. This knowledge is important for our understanding of the hearing abilities of other species of sea birds. It can also be used to develop cormorant deterrent devices for fisheries, as well as to assess the impact of increasing in-air anthropogenic noise levels on cormorants and other aquatic birds.
Journal Article
Murder at Ochre Court
\"In the summer of 1898, reporter Emma Cross investigates a shocking death among the bright lights of Newport's high society\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Problem solving capabilities of peach-fronted conures (Eupsittula aurea) studied with the string-pulling test
Abstract
The problem-solving capabilities of four small parrots (peach-fronted conures, Eupsittula aurea) were investigated using string-pulling tests. In seven different tasks, one string was baited following a randomized order. The parrots could retrieve the food reward after a wrong choice as the choice was not forced. Additionally, we applied a non-intuitive pulley task with the strings arranged in front of, instead of below the birds. All four parrots performed very well in the multiple, slanted, and broken string tasks, but all failed in the crossed-string task. Only two parrots solved the single pulley task. All four parrots performed successfully in the multiple pulley task but all failed in the broken pulley condition. Our results suggest that peach-fronted conures solve string-pulling tasks without relying on simple proximity based rules, but that they have evolved cognitive abilities enabling goal-directedness, the understanding of functionality, and a concept of connectedness between two objects.
Journal Article
Does participation in acoustic experiments improve welfare in captive animals? A case study of three grey seals (Halichoerus grypus)
Abstract Both mental and physiological conditions determine the well-being state in an animal. Enrichment is a way to increase an animals’ well-being and may require problem solving through thinking, tolerance of ambiguity, openness, and intrinsic motivation. It is unclear if it is enriching when an animal participates in different types of research. Therefore, it is important to answer the question of whether research can be used as an enrichment tool in zoological facilities. Here, we examine if participation in psychophysical research affected the mental stimulation of three grey seals under human care. The effects varied amongst the three individuals that took part in the research, and indicated that their participation in the research task was dependent on their individual personalities and life history. Two seals indicated that their involvement in the research was positive and motivating, and therefore can be considered enriching. In comparison, the third seal displayed a tendency for frustration and low motivation. Our results indicate that research can be a powerful enrichment tool with animals that find research motivating. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.
Paper
Murder at Crossways
\"The days are getting shorter as summer's end approaches, which means it's time for the Harvest Festival, the last big event of the season, held by Mamie Fish, wife of millionaire railroad tycoon Stuyvesant Fish, at their grand \"cottage,\" Crossways. The neocolonial mansion is decked out in artificial autumn splendor, and an extravagant scavenger hunt will be held. But the crowning jewel of the evening will be the guest of honor, Prince Otto of Austria. As acting editor-in-chief of the Newport Messenger, Emma had hoped to leave her days as a society reporter behind her. But at the last moment, she must fill in and attend the Harvest Festival. With nearly every eligible daughter of Newport high society in attendance, Emma can almost hear romantic dreams shattering like glass slippers when the prince fails to appear. The next morning, he is found dead in the side garden at Crossways, making it clear a murderer crashed the party. The prince has been stabbed in the same manner as another man, recently found on nearby Bailey's Beach-who strongly resembles Emma's half-brother Brady's father, presumed dead for nearly thirty years after a yachting mishap. As Emma investigates a connection between the two victims, she is joined on the hunt by Mamie Fish herself. But they must hurry-before the killer slips away like the fading summer.\"--Jacket flap.
Book
One-to-one innervation of vocal muscles allows precise control of birdsong
The motor control resolution of any animal behavior is limited to the minimal force step available when activating muscles, which is set by the number and size distribution of motor units (MUs) and muscle specific force. Birdsong is an excellent model system for understanding sequence learning of complex fine motor skills, but we know surprisingly little how the motor pool controlling the syrinx is organized and how MU recruitment drives changes in vocal output. Here we combine measurements of syringeal muscle innervation ratios with muscle stress and an in vitro syrinx preparation to estimate MU size distribution and the control resolution of fundamental frequency (fo), a key vocal parameter, in zebra finches. We show that syringeal muscles have extremely small MUs, with 50% innervating ≤ 3, and 13 - 17% innervating a single muscle fiber. Combined with the lowest specific stress (5 mN/mm2) known to skeletal vertebrate muscle, small force steps by the major fo controlling muscle provide control of 50 mHz to 4.2 Hz steps per MU. We show that the song system has the highest motor control resolution possible in the vertebrate nervous system and suggest this evolved due to strong selection on fine gradation of vocal output. Furthermore, we propose that high-resolution motor control was a key feature contributing to the radiation of songbirds that allowed diversification of song and speciation by vocal space expansion.
Paper