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Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) is a highly prevalent and presumptively painful condition, although the amount of pain horses might experience is currently unknown. The aims of this study were to determine if the Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) could identify pain behaviours in horses with and without EGUS and if severity would be positively associated with the HGS score. Horse grimace scale scores were assessed blindly using facial photographs by seven observers and involved evaluation of 6 facial action units as 0 (not present), 1 (moderately present) and 2 (obviously present). Lameness examination, serum amyloid A (SAA) measurement and gastroscopy evaluation were performed on all horses. Horses (n = 61) were divided into two and three groups based on the presence (yes, no) and severity (none, mild, moderate-severe) of EGUS, respectively. Presence of lameness and elevated SAA (≥50 µg/mL) were used as exclusion criteria. Inter-observer reliability was analyzed by intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). HGS scores between groups were compared using Welch’s and Brown Forsythe tests (p < 0.05). Overall, HGS ICC was “excellent” (0.75). No significant differences (p = 0.566) were observed in HGS scores between horses with and without gastric lesions (mean, 95% CI; 3.36, 2.76–3.95 and 3, 1.79–4.20, respectively). HGS was not influenced by the presence or severity of EGUS in this current study. Further studies investigating the use of different pain scales in horses with EGUS are needed.

Symbiotic interactions among various organisms are often necessary for one or both individual's survival. These symbiotic relationships must be considered in restoration projects to allow for the successful establishment of the species. Rhizobia are nitrogen-fixing bacteria found in symbiotic relations with legumes. By utilizing this relationship, restoration practitioners can establish native legume species more successfully while repopulating soil microorganisms into degraded soils. Despite the potential benefits a rhizobium inoculant can have on restoration efforts, minimal research has been done to understand the impacts this treatment has on specific species and the systems they are employed within. Our research goal was to assess the efficacy of applying a commercial rhizobium product (EXCEED®) and indigenous rhizobium strains on two lupine species (Lupinus argenteus Pursh and Lupinus sericeus Pursh), commonly used for rangeland seedings in the Great Basin region of the western United States. We conducted laboratory and field trials to meet this research goal, with the results of the laboratory experiments shared in chapter 1 and findings from the field reported in chapter 2. In chapter 1, we evaluated in the laboratory whether indigenous rhizobia strains could be isolated, cultured, and applied as a liquid inoculant or a seed coating to induce root nodulation and increase plant growth. The performance of these inoculums was compared against the commercial rhizobium product. Additionally, we tested in a trial if compost could be applied within the seed coating to improve the efficacy of the rhizobium treatment. Our research demonstrated that the commercial inoculum induced root nodulation, and in one of three trials, this treatment improved plant growth. We also found indigenous strains effectively formed nodules on the plant roots when applied through a liquid culture or a seed coating. However, the number of root nodules and the presence of a pink color (indicating nitrogen fixation) were typically higher in the commercial product than in the indigenous strains when applied through a seed coating. These short-term laboratory studies generally provided minimal evidence that rhizobia impacted plant growth. However, data indicated that having compost in the coating alone improved shoot biomass by 33% (P = 0.025).In chapter 2, research assessed the performance of the same rhizobia inoculums tested in the laboratory trials on a mine in northern Utah at two waste-rock sites, one comprised of crushed waste rock and the other made of waste rock amended with topsoil. One year after seeding, we had high plant recruitment at both study sites, and there were more plants, which were more vigorous, in the amended site (P<0.001). These results demonstrate that reclamation efforts on mineland overburden can be improved when topsoil is incorporated into the growing medium. At this stage in the study, there was no difference in plant establishment and vigor between any seed treatments, but future research is planned to assess these metrics in the next growing season.The lack of improvement in plant growth from a rhizobia treatment in some of our laboratory and field trials may be due to the short period of these studies. Nodules that form on mature root systems provide more nitrogen-fixing benefits than those formed on immature roots. Hence, future research should consider conducting trials for more extended periods to understand how the treatments influence the growth of mature plants. Because we found in the laboratory that the rhizobia inoculums were successful in nodulating the test species, we anticipate that future studies will find that these treatments can improve plant performance and subsequently restoration success.

This paper explores the beginnings of professionalization in interior decoration during the early twentieth century mainly within the context of the writings and professional activities of Nancy Vincent McClelland. A member of the first generation of women decorators in the USA, she was a respected interior decorator, author, lecturer and expert in antiques and wallpapers. McClelland was also a life-long advocate of education and professional standards, including licensing, for decorators. She made important contributions to the field in these and other areas through her writing, speaking and activities in professional organizations. Her colleagues acknowledged her zeal for professionalization by electing her as the first woman to be national president of the American Institute of Interior Decorators, now the American Society of Interior Designer. Following a brief overview of the role of women as professional decorators, the paper documents some of the first steps in the professionalizing process of interior decoration and McClelland's contributions to and ideas about that process. It also suggests some of the strategies she and other women decorators used to compete and succeed in the predominantly male business and professional world.

\"We're spending tons of money on our pool.\" [Dave Casebolt] said. \"It's just a constant nightmare.\" Casebolt said that, starting in 2017, the city expects to see and additional $600,000 to $700,000 from business and occupation tax collections. Portions of this money could be used to fund the project. If the city moves forward on the project, Casebolt estimates that it would be three to four years before it would be built. Attorney Stephen Chambers of Jackson Kelly explained that Nitro has two sewer systems. The combined sewer system is the old part of the sewer located on Nitro's west side. The new part, located throughout the rest of the city, is the sanitary sewer.

St. Albans-based Rover Construction will handle contracts one and three, which cover the hillside of the railroad tracks from 10th Street to 27th Street, and Roxalana Hills from the interstate exchange to Roxalana Apartments, respectively. [Ron Byrnside] said there \"was some under-run on the bids.\" He said the sanitary board needs to add a few projects to the contracts and is in the process of obtaining cost estimates for the extra work. * Authorized [Terry Greenlee] to accept bids to replace the roof on the house at Wine Cellar Park and also to contract with Gambill Amusements to bring a carnival to town June 8-14.

Council President Dana Hayes countered Councilman Everette Sullivan's motion to pass the ordinance on second reading. He moved that it be tabled for further review. The ordinance states the money may only be used for \"funding maintenance and repair of police equipment.\" Hayes said several council members were concerned about having \"no control to utilize those funds for anything except the police department.\" Sullivan, Councilwoman Gail Harper and Councilmen Tom Bailey and Doug Fleshman voted not to table the measure. Hayes, Councilman Steve Arnott and Councilwomen Pam Reynolds and Connie Thompson voted in favor of tabling the measure.

Council President Dana Hayes countered Councilman Everette Sullivan's motion to pass the ordinance on second reading. He moved that it be tabled for further review. The ordinance states the money may only be used for \"funding maintenance and repair of police equipment.\" Hayes said several council members were concerned about having \"no control to utilize those funds for anything except the police department.\" Sullivan, Councilwoman Gail Harper and Councilmen Tom Bailey and Doug Fleshman voted not to table the measure. Hayes, Councilman Steve Arnott and Councilwomen Pam Reynolds and Connie Thompson voted in favor of tabling the measure.