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Clinical measurement. Manual dexterity is an important aspect of motor function across the age span. To identify a single measure of manual dexterity for inclusion in the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Toolbox Assessment of Neurological and Behavioral Function. A total of 340 subjects participated in our study. Two alternatives, Rolyan ® 9-Hole Peg Test (9-HPT) and Grooved Pegboard test, were compared by assessing their score range across age groups (3–85 yr) and their test–retest reliability, concurrent, and known groups validity. The 9-HPT was a simple, efficient, and low-cost measure of manual dexterity appropriate for administration across the age range. Test–retest reliability coefficients were 0.95 and 0.92 for right and left hands, respectively. The 9-HPT correlated with Bruininks-Oseretsky Test (BOT) of Motor Proficiency, dexterity subscale, at −0.87 to −0.89 and with Purdue Pegboard at −0.74 to −0.75. The Grooved Pegboard had good test–retest reliability (0.91 and 0.85 for right and left hands, respectively). The Grooved Pegboard correlated with BOT at −0.50 to −0.63 and with Purdue Pegboard at −0.73 to −0.78. However, the Grooved Pegboard required longer administration time and was challenging for the youngest children and oldest adults. Based on its feasibility and measurement properties, the 9-HPT was recommended for inclusion in the motor battery of the NIH Toolbox. NA.

Sleep disturbance is a symptom of and a well-known risk factor for depression. Further, atypical functioning of the HPA axis has been linked to the pathogenesis of depression. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of adolescent HPA axis functioning in the link between adolescent sleep problems and later depressive symptoms. Methods: A sample of 157 17–18 year old adolescents (61.8% female) completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI) and provided salivary cortisol samples throughout the day for three consecutive days. Two years later, adolescents reported their depressive symptoms via the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Results: Individuals (age 17–18) with greater sleep disturbance reported greater depressive symptoms two years later (age 19–20). This association occurred through the indirect effect of sleep disturbance on the cortisol awakening response (CAR) (indirect effect = 0.14, 95%CI [.02 -.39]). Conclusions: One pathway through which sleep problems may lead to depressive symptoms is by up-regulating components of the body’s physiological stress response system that can be measured through the cortisol awakening response. Behavioral interventions that target sleep disturbance in adolescents may mitigate this neurobiological pathway to depression during this high-risk developmental phase.

Objective: To identify which mentoring domains influence publication productivity among early career researchers and trainees and whether publication productivity differs between underrepresented minority (URM) and well-represented groups (WRGs). The mentoring aspects that promote publica­tion productivity remain unclear. Advancing health equity requires a diverse workforce, yet URM trainees are less likely to publish and URM investigators are less likely to ob­tain federal research grants, relative to WRG counterparts.Participants: Early career biomedical investigators and trainees from the National Research Mentoring Network (NRMN), N=115.Methods: A mentoring-focused online follow-up survey was administered to respondents of the NRMN Annual Survey who self-identified as mentees. Publications were identified from a public database and validated with participant CV data. Bivariate and multivariate analyses tested the as­sociations of publication productivity with mentoring domains.Results: URM investigators and trainees had fewer publications (M = 7.3) than their WRG counterparts (M = 13.8). Controlling for career stage and social characteristics, those who worked on funded projects, and received grant-writing or research mentorship, had a higher probability of any publications. Controlling for URM status, gender, and career stage, mentorship on grant-writing and funding was positively as­sociated with publication count (IRR=1.72). Holding career stage, gender, and mentor­ing experiences constant, WRG investigators and trainees had more publications than their URM counterparts (IRR=1.66).Conclusions: Grant-writing mentorship is particularly important for publica­tion productivity. Future research should investigate whether grant-writing mentor­ship differentially impacts URM and WRG investigators and should investigate how and why grant-writing mentorship fosters increased publication productivity. Ethn Dis. 2021;31(2):273-282; doi:10.18865/ed.31.2.273

The current observational study provides descriptive data on 270 pressure injuries (PrIs) among 142 racially/ethnically diverse nursing home (NH) residents over 16 weeks. Weekly assessments were conducted with the Bates-Jensen Wound Assessment Tool. NH data were obtained from public government websites. NH, resident, and PrI characteristics across race/ethnicity groups were compared using analysis of variance and chi-square. Participants were 62% female and 89% functionally dependent. More Black and Asian individuals had peripheral vascular disease. More Black individuals had persistent trunk and Stage 4 PrIs. Black and Hispanic individuals had normal skin color surrounding PrIs. More Asian individuals had PrIs surrounded by purple/red discolored skin. More Black individuals' heel PrIs were unstageable, necrotic, and showed no granulation. Black and Hispanic individuals exhibited more deep tissue injury. No NH or prevention differences existed. Health disparities found validate administrative data results. Differences in PrI characteristics should be further examined among diverse NH residents. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 47(3), 37–46.]

Objective: The biomedical/behavioral sciences lag in the recruitment and ad­vancement of students from historically underrepresented backgrounds. In 2014 the NIH created the Diversity Program Consortium (DPC), a prospective, multi-site study comprising 10 Building Infrastructure Leading to Diversity (BUILD) institutional grantees, the National Research Mentor­ing Network (NRMN) and a Coordination and Evaluation Center (CEC). This article describes baseline characteristics of four incoming, first-year student cohorts at the primary BUILD institutions who completed the Higher Education Research Institute, The Freshmen Survey between 2015-2019. These freshmen are the primary student cohorts for longitudinal analyses comparing outcomes of BUILD program participants and non-participants.Design: Baseline description of first-year students entering college at BUILD institu­tions during 2015-2019.Setting: Ten colleges/universities that each received < $7.5mil/yr in NIH Research Project Grants and have high proportions of low-income students.Participants: First-year undergraduate stu­dents who participated in BUILD-sponsored activities and a sample of non-BUILD stu­dents at the same BUILD institutions. A total of 32,963 first-year students were enrolled in the project; 64% were female, 18% His­panic/Latinx, 19% African American/Black, 2% American Indian/Alaska Native and Na­tive Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, 17% Asian, and 29% White. Twenty-seven percent were from families with an income <$ 30,000/yr and 25% were their family’s first generation in college.Planned Outcomes: Primary student outcomes to be evaluated over time include undergraduate biomedical degree comple­tion, entry into/completion of a graduate biomedical degree program, and evidence of excelling in biomedical research and scholarship.Conclusions: The DPC national evaluation has identified a large, longitudinal cohort of students with many from groups histori­cally underrepresented in the biomedical sciences that will inform institutional/ national policy level initiatives to help diversify the biomedical workforce.Ethn Dis. 2020;30(4):681-692; doi:10.18865/ed.30.4.681

The ability to maintain a diverse scientific workforce is vital to promoting the US’s economic and technological competitiveness. Data have shown disparities in science, mathematics, medical, and engineering programs across each level of education from high school to doctoral studies for students from underrepresented groups (URG). Research suggests that many URG students are pushed out of the biomedical track early in their academic careers, particularly during the first year. Most of these studies focus on well-known indicators, such as science identity and research self-efficacy, to study inclusion in biomedical majors. The current study sought to understand the influence of institutional environment and student-based characteristics on changes in major during the first-year undergraduate experience. Overall, these results indicate that institutional factors have an impact alongside student-based factors in biomedical major retention i n the first year. This manuscript identifies actions that institutions can take to improve biomedical major retention.

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use is common in the United States, particularly among middle-aged women for symptoms commonly reported during perimenopause. The study examined the relationship between women's report of perimenopausal symptoms and the use of CAM and socioeconomic or cultural factors. The prevalence of CAM use was 33%; approximately 94% reported use of CAM therapies and 23% used CAM practitioners. Those who used CAM were younger and better educated; more often they reported pelvic pain and painful intercourse. The only demographic factor to predict use of alternative medicine was education.

The current study examines the association between parental support and adolescent sleep under varying levels of family stress. Participants included 316 adolescents (Mage = 16.40 years, 43% male) and their parents (Mage = 45.67 years, 91% mothers) from diverse ethnic backgrounds. Both adolescents and parents completed questionnaires and adolescents wore wrist actigraphs and completed self-reports on their sleep for 7 consecutive days. Results indicated that under contexts of family stress, more parental support was linked to longer sleep duration, less sleep variability, and less time spent awake during the night. Findings suggest that under contexts of family stress, cohesive family relationships may provide a sense of stability and security that is necessary for healthful sleep.

Objectives. We examined the effects of self-reported experiences of racial discrimination on Black–White differences in preterm (less than 37 weeks gestation) and low-birthweight (less than 2500 g) deliveries. Methods. Using logistic regression models, we analyzed data on 352 births among women enrolled in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. Results. Among Black women, 50% of those with preterm deliveries and 61% of those with low-birthweight infants reported having experienced racial discrimination in at least 3 situations; among White women, the corresponding percentages were 5% and 0%. The unadjusted odds ratio for preterm delivery among Black versus White women was 2.54 (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.33, 4.85), but this value decreased to 1.88 (95% CI=0.85, 4.12) after adjustment for experiences of racial discrimination and to 1.11 (95% CI=0.51, 2.41) after additional adjustment for alcohol and tobacco use, depression, education, and income. The corresponding odds ratios for low birthweight were 4.24 (95% CI=1.31, 13.67), 2.11 (95% CI=0.75, 5.93), and 2.43 (95% CI=0.79, 7.42). Conclusions. Self-reported experiences of racial discrimination were associated with preterm and low-birthweight deliveries, and such experiences may contribute to Black–White disparities in perinatal outcomes.