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Anthocyanins are flavonoid compounds responsible for red/purple colors in the leaves, fruit, and flowers of many plant species. They are produced through a multistep pathway that is controlled by MYB transcription factors. VvMYBA1 and VvMYBA2 activate anthocyanin biosynthesis in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) and are nonfunctional in white grapevine cultivars. In this study, transgenic grapevines with alteredVvMYBAgene expression were developed, and transcript analysis was carried out on berries using a microarray technique. The results showed that VvMYBA is a positive regulator of the later stages of anthocyanin synthesis, modification, and transport in cv Shiraz. One up-regulated gene,ANTHOCYANIN 3-O-GLUCOSIDE-6ʹʹ-O-ACYLTRANSFERASE(Vv3AT), encodes a BAHD acyltransferase protein (named after the first letter of the first four characterized proteins: BEAT [for acetyl CoA:benzylalcohol acetyltransferase], AHCT [for anthocyaninO-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase], HCBT [for anthranilateN-hydroxycinnamoyl/benzoyltransferase], and DAT [for deacetylvindoline 4-O-acetyltransferase]), belonging to a clade separate from most anthocyanin acyltransferases. Functional studies (in planta and in vitro) show that Vv3AT has a broad anthocyanin substrate specificity and can also utilize both aliphatic and aromatic acyl donors, a novel activity for this enzyme family found in nature. In cv Pinot Noir, a red-berried grapevine mutant lacking acylated anthocyanins,Vv3ATcontains a nonsense mutation encoding a truncated protein that lacks two motifs required for BAHD protein activity. Promoter activation assays confirm thatVv3ATtranscription is activated by VvMYBA1, which adds to the current understanding of the regulation of the BAHD gene family. The flexibility of Vv3AT to use both classes of acyl donors will be useful in the engineering of anthocyanins in planta or in vitro.

Shoots of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. cultured on shoot multiplication media containing, on alternate subcultures, 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) or 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin), showed better growth than cultures in which either of the cytokinins was used continuously, or both were used in an equimolar mixture. When BAP was used continuously in the medium (i.e. in every subculture), shoots multiplied but remained stunted and leaves became red and abscised. Kinetin or 6-dimethylallyaminopurine (2iP) used continuously in the medium induced very low multiplication but the shoots did not become red nor did the leaves abscise. Shoots taken from multiplication medium containing BAP and placed on rooting medium with 10 μM indole butyric acid (IBA) produced few roots and often died while on the rooting medium. In contrast, shoots from the multiplication medium containing kinetin produced more roots and remained healthy during the passage on the rooting medium.

The Working Group on Active B-type Stars (formerly known as the Working Group on Be Stars) was re-established under IAU Commission 29 at the IAU General Assembly in Montreal, Quebec (Canada) in 1979, and has been continuously active to the present. Its main goal is to promote and stimulate research and international collaboration on the field of the active early-type (OB) stars.

Foundry energy conservation has become a focal point for reducing harmful emissions and energy throughput. Industrial Assessment Centers located at universities across the United States are charged with aiding the Department of Energy and Industries of the Future (IOF) to reduce energy consumption with minimal equipment changes. A case study of energy uses and potential areas for savings within foundry operations is presented in this article. Five metal casting manufactures utilizing equipment and technologies where significant energy reductions can be realized are discussed. In each plant, two or more technically feasible recommendations were identified for substantial reduction in energy use.

Shoots of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. cultured on shoot multiplication media containing, on alternate subcultures, 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) or 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin), showed better growth than cultures in which either of the cytokinins was used continuously, or both were used in an equimolar mixture. When BAP was used continuously in the medium (i.e. in every subculture), shoots multiplied but remained stunted and leaves became red and abscised. Kinetin or 6-dimethylallyaminopurine (2iP) used continuously in the medium induced very low multiplication but the shoots did not become red nor did the leaves abscise. Shoots taken from multiplication medium containing BAP and placed on rooting medium with 10 μM indole butyric acid (IBA) produced few roots and often died while on the rooting medium. In contrast, shoots from the multiplication medium containing kinetin produced more roots and remained healthy during the passage on the rooting medium.

In many classrooms across the country, reading instruction focuses on the recall of text. In order to better equip students with the skills and strategies needed to understand all text, reading instruction should focus on the application of comprehension strategies as a means of understanding text. Comprehension Strategy Instruction (C.S.I.) is an instructional strategy for improving reading comprehension. C.S.I. includes seven distinct comprehension strategies: schema, visualizing, making inferences and predictions, questioning, determining important ideas and themes, synthesizing, and utilizing repair strategies for comprehension.The purpose of the study was to examine the effectiveness of Comprehension Strategy Instruction in increasing reading comprehension of second grade magnet students in a suburban elementary school in southwest Georgia. The two instructional approaches included in the study were (a) standards based instruction in reading with an emphasis on comprehension strategy instruction and (b) standards based instruction in reading with no formal instruction in comprehension strategy instruction.This study was a Quasi-Experimental design using post-test data from the Criterion Referenced Competency Test (CRCT) in reading. Analysis of the scores was performed using a t-Test of independent sample means using a .05 level of significance. Analysis revealed no significant statistical difference between the two instructional strategies. However, there was a slight increase in the mean score of the experimental group, which suggests that C.S.I. is a valid instructional strategy for teaching students to comprehend text.