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Survey of student mistreatment experienced during the core clinical clerkships
The goal of this study was to learn more about the potential impact of medical student mistreatment on patient safety and care.
A web-based survey was sent to members of the class of 2021 and 2022 who have completed their core clerkships at a single academic institution. Descriptive statistics were performed to understand how prior and future mistreatment impacted communication among students and team members.
We received 290 of 376 responses (77.1%). 26% of respondents indicated that past mistreatment negatively impacted their communication with other team members. 30% of respondents reported that fear of future mistreatment negatively impacted their communication with other team members.
Mistreatment of medical students has many sources and occurs throughout the clinical curriculum. Past and fear of future student mistreatment can negatively impact intrateam communication and therefore negatively impact patient care, with the potential of causing poor patient outcomes.
•Medical student mistreatment occurs throughout the clinical curriculum.•Medical student mistreatment negatively impacts team dynamics and patient safety.•Attendings, residents, and fellows are common perpetrators of verbal/emotional abuse.•Patients are common perpetrators of sexual harassment, gender, and race mistreatment.
Journal Article
Genetic analysis of sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma discovers recurrent SWI/SNF alterations and a novel PGAP3-SRPK1 fusion gene
Background Sinonasal Undifferentiated Carcinoma (SNUC) is a rare and aggressive skull base tumor with poor survival and limited treatment options. To date, targeted sequencing studies have identified IDH2 and SMARCB1 as potential driver alterations, but the molecular alterations found in SMARCB1 wild type tumors are unknown. Methods We evaluated survival outcomes in a cohort of 46 SNUC patients treated at an NCI designated cancer center and identify clinical and disease variables associated with survival on Kaplan-Meier and Cox multivariate survival analysis. We performed exome sequencing to characterize a series of SNUC tumors (n = 5) and cell line (MDA8788-6) to identify high confidence mutations, copy number alterations, microsatellite instability, and fusions. Knockdown studies using siRNA were utilized for validation of a novel PGAP3-SRPK1 gene fusion. Results Overall survival analysis revealed no significant difference in outcomes between patients treated with surgery +/- CRT and CRT alone. Tobacco use was the only significant predictor of survival. We also confirmed previously published findings on IDH and SMARC family mutations and identified novel recurrent aberrations in the JAK/STAT and PI3K pathways. We also validated a novel PGAP3-SRPK1 gene fusion in the SNUC cell line, and show that knockdown of the fusion is negatively associated with EGFR, E2F and MYC signaling. Conclusion Collectively, these data demonstrate recurrent alterations in the SWI/SNF family as well as IDH, JAK/STAT, and PI3K pathways and discover a novel fusion gene (PGAP3-SRPK1). These data aim to improve understanding of possible driver mutations and guide future therapeutic strategies for this disease. Keywords: SNUC, SWI/SNF, SMARCA
Journal Article
Repeat endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for acromegaly: remission and complications
Reported biochemical remission rates following surgical intervention for acromegaly range from 38 to 83 %. In patients not achieving surgical remission, few options remain, mostly limited to medical management and radiation therapy. There is debate over whether or not to offer reoperation to patients in whom surgical remission is not achieved with initial resection. Retrospective chart review was undertaken to determine all patients having acromegaly with persistently elevated GH and/or IGF-1 levels after initial pituitary adenoma resection, and who underwent reoperation using endoscopic endonasal approach at a single institution. Biochemical remission was defined as a postoperative GH level <1 ng/mL and a normal postoperative IGF-1 level in the absence of any medical therapy. In total, 14 patients underwent repeat surgical intervention for acromegaly via endoscopic transsphenoidal approach. Of the 14 patients, 8 (57 %) achieved biochemical remission following repeat surgical intervention. Lower preoperative GH levels were associated with greater chance of biochemical remission (
P
= 0.048). New endocrinopathies were seen in 2 patients (14 %), and both were transient diabetes insipidus. Meningitis occurred in 2 patients (14 %); both were aseptic meningitis with no sequelae. No mortality was encountered. Repeat surgical intervention for acromegaly via endoscopic transsphenoidal approach appears safe and effective. With no mortality and minimal morbidity, repeat surgical intervention via endoscopic transsphenoidal approach appears a reasonable option for these hard-to-treat patients and should be considered for patients in whom surgical remission is not achieved with initial surgery.
Journal Article
A comparison of particulate and onyx embolization in preoperative devascularization of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas
Introduction
Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas (JNAs) are hypervascular tumors that may benefit from preoperative devascularization to reduce intraoperative blood loss (IBL). The purpose of this study was to compare transarterial particulate embolization (TAPE) with the direct percutaneous embolization (DPE) technique using ethylene vinyl alcohol (Onyx, ev3, Irvine, CA) for the preoperative devascularization of a JNA.
Methods
We retrospectively reviewed 50 consecutive JNA resections since 1995 for which preoperative embolization was either transarterial with particulate material (
n
= 39) or DPE (
n
= 11) using only Onyx. The IBL, transfusion requirements, operative time, and length of hospital admission were compared between the two groups.
Results
The mean IBL was 1,348.7 ± 932.2 mL particulate group, 569.1 ± 700.7 mL Onyx group (one-tailed Student’s
t
test
p
= 0.003). The mean unit of packed red blood cells was 1.56 ± 2.01 units particulate group, 0.45 ± 1.04 units Onyx group (
p
= 0.009). The relationship between embolization type and IBL remained significant or strongly correlated when accounting for the Fisch stage of the tumor (
p
= 0.010 and
p
= 0.056, respectively, by a multivariate least squares fit; alternately
p
= 0.0003 and
p
= 0.023, respectively, in the subset of patients with Fisch stage III tumors only). We also found that the proportion of resections for which an endoscopic approach could be used was significantly higher in the Onyx group than the particulate group (81.8 and 18.2 %; Pearson
p
= 0.0002), and this was also significant both in our multivariate nominal logistic fit (
p
< 0.001) and in the subset of patients with Fisch stage III tumors (
p
= 0.018).
Conclusion
Pre-operative DPE with Onyx of a JNA when compared to TAPE significantly decreased IBL and RBC transfusion requirement during surgical resection. The proportion of surgical resections performed from an endoscopic approach was higher in the DPE Onyx group, which may have affected the results.
Journal Article
Persistent diplopia and superior oblique muscle dysfunction following dissection of the orbital periosteum in cranial base surgery
Background/aims Persistent diplopia secondary to a fourth cranial nerve palsy is poorly documented after open cranial base surgery. Methods Six cases of fourth cranial nerve palsy after cranial base surgery were drawn from the Neuro-Ophthalmology and Head and Neck Surgery Clinics at the University of Michigan from 2004 to 2012. Results Six patients developed diplopia and ocular misalignment in a pattern suggestive of superior oblique palsy following dissection of the medial orbital periosteum as part of a surgical approach to the anterior cranial base. Among the four patients in whom follow-up examination was available, the misalignment improved spontaneously in three patients and was stable in the fourth patient, but did not completely resolve in any patient. Conclusions This sparsely documented phenomenon is likely caused by dysfunction of the superior oblique muscle, possibly the result of malposition of the trochlea after spontaneous reattachment of the periosteum. Special factors such as invasive tumours, repeated surgeries of this nature, prior radiation, or chemical cementing material that adversely affects wound healing may be contributory.
Journal Article
A comparison of particulate and Onyx embolization in preoperative devascularization of carotid body tumors
Introduction
Preoperative embolization of a carotid body tumor (CBT) is a useful adjunct prior to surgical excision because it decreases operative blood loss and improves surgical outcomes. Traditionally, this is performed by transarterial particulate embolization (TAPE). More recently, direct percutaneous embolization (DPE) with Onyx is recognized as a promising technique for preoperative embolization. We compared these two techniques in patients treated for CBTs at our institution.
Methods
We retrospectively reviewed cases of preoperative devascularization of CBT from 1 January 1995 through 1 September 2012. Patient cases were placed into two groups: TAPE and DPE. Operative blood loss, operative length, angiographic devascularization, embolization procedure complications, operative transfusion requirements, postoperative hospital stay, intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and procedure-related mortalities were compared.
Results
A total of 17 patients underwent preoperative devascularization of their CBT with TAPE technique and ten patients using the DPE technique with Onyx. Average operative blood loss was significantly higher in the TAPE group (Mann–Whitney
U
test,
p
= 0.04). Operative time was also higher, although this difference was not significant. Two patients required intraoperative blood transfusions in the TAPE group while none required transfusions in the DPE group. There was no significant difference in ICU stay or length of hospitalization. One serious embolization procedure complication occurred in the TAPE group and none in the DPE group.
Conclusion
Operative blood loss in the DPE group was significantly less than the TAPE group. Blood transfusion requirement, operative time, and complications were less in the DPE group, although they did not reach statistical significance.
Journal Article
Emergency reconstructive endovascular management of intraoperative complications involving the internal carotid artery from trans-sphenoidal surgery
Purpose To report our experience with intraoperative complications involving the internal carotid artery (ICA) during trans-sphenoidal surgery and their outcome with reconstructive endovascular management. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of patients with an ICA injury related to trans-sphenoidal surgery from 2000 to 2012. Demographic data, clinical charts, indications for treatment, radiographic images, lesion characteristics, operative notes, endovascular procedure notes and post-procedure hospital course were reviewed. Results Three men and one woman of mean age of 52 years (range 33–74) were identified. The lesions included two macroadenomas, one meningioma and one chondrosarcoma. Risk factors for ICA rupture included two patients with carotid dehiscence, one with sphenoid septal attachment to the ICA, two with revision surgery, one with prior radiation to the tumor, one with bromocriptine treatment and two with acromegaly. In three patients, covered stent placement achieved hemostasis at the site of injury within the ICA. One patient developed delayed bleeding 6 h after covered stent placement and underwent successful endovascular occlusion of the ICA but died 6 days after the injury. The fourth patient had an intraoperative ICA stroke requiring suction thrombectomy, thrombolysis, stent placement and evacuation of an epidural hematoma. At 1-year follow-up, two patients had a modified Rankin score (mRS) and National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score of 0; in the patient who had a stroke the mRS score was 1 and the NIHSS score 2. Conclusions Endovascular management with arterial reconstruction is helpful in the treatment of ICA injuries during trans-sphenoidal surgery.
Journal Article
Patching the Safety Net: Establishing a Free Specialty Care Clinic in an Academic Medical Center
We describe the collaboration between an academic medical center and a free primary care clinic that provides multi-specialty services to indigent community members. Complementary components of both institutions have engendered a system in which they broaden the array of available services, providing a prototype for other institutions to collaborate similarly.
Journal Article
Patching the Safety Net: Establishing a Free Specialty Care Clinic in an Academic Medical Center
We describe the collaboration between an academic medical center and a free primary care clinic that provides multi-specialty services to indigent community members. Complementary components of both institutions have engendered a system in which they broaden the array of available services, providing a prototype for other institutions to consider.
Journal Article