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The proton is one of the main building blocks of all visible matter in the universe. Among its intrinsic properties are its electric charge, mass, and spin. These emerge from the complex dynamics of its fundamental constituents, quarks and gluons, described by the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Using electron scattering its electric charge and spin, shared among the quark constituents, have been the topic of active investigation until today. An example is the novel precision measurement of the proton's electric charge radius. In contrast, little is known about the proton's inner mass density, dominated by the energy carried by the gluons, which are hard to access through electron scattering since gluons carry no electromagnetic charge. In the present work we chose to probe this gluonic gravitational density using a small color dipole, theJ/ψparticle, through its threshold photoproduction. From our data we determined, for the first time, the proton's gluonic gravitational form factors, which encode its mass density. We used a variety of methods and determined in all cases a mass radius that is notably smaller than the electric charge radius. In some cases, the determined radius is in excellent agreement with first-principle predictions from lattice QCD. This work paves the way for a deeper understanding of the salient role of gluons in providing gravitational mass to visible matter.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Spatial and temporal variability of vine vigour within a vineyard block, associated with variation in soil physical and chemical properties, affects yield, and fruit and wine composition. The objectives of this study were to measure this variability and possible causes for a commercially important vineyard area in Hawke's Bay, New Zealand. METHODS AND RESULTS: Three vigour classes, and measurement of vine nutrient and water status, vegetative growth and canopy attributes, yield, fruit ripening profiles, and grape and wine composition over two seasons characterised vigour variability of Cabernet Sauvignon vines growing on the ‘Gimblett Gravels’ area of Hawke's Bay, New Zealand. Vine nutrition and growth differed between vigour zones with extreme nitrogen deficiencies recorded. Vigour did not affect vine phenology. Normalised Difference Vegetative Index measurements quantified vigour differences. High vigour vines showed a higher yield, but fruit ripeness, wine anthocyanins and phenolics, and some sensory attributes were significantly reduced. Excessively leafy canopies associated with high vigour were responsible for these effects. CONCLUSIONS: Soil‐induced vine nutrient deficiencies, rather than differences in vine water status, influenced vine vigour. Measures of vegetative growth and canopy attributes suggested negative implications of excessive shading with high vine vigour. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: This study showed the relative significance of nutrition in affecting vine vigour on sandy gravel soils. A good correlation between remotely sensed vigour zones, and grape and wine composition permit on‐ground zonal management to minimise the negative effects of spatial variability.

The ability to tailor the release profile of a drug by manipulating its formulation matrix offers important therapeutic advantages. We show here that human insulin can be cocrystallized at preselected ratios with the fully active lipophilically modified insulin derivative octanoyl- N ε -LysB29–human insulin (C8-HI). The cocrystal is analogous to the NPH (neutral protamine Hagedorn) crystalline complex formed with human insulin, which is commonly used as the long-acting insulin component of diabetes therapy. The in vitro and in vivo release rates of the cocrystal can be controlled by adjusting the relative proportions of the two insulin components. We identified a cocrystal composition comprising 75% C8-HI and 25% human insulin that exhibits near-ideal basal pharmacodynamics in somatostatin-treated beagle dogs. The dependence of release rate on cocrystal ratio provides a robust mechanism for modulating insulin pharmacodynamics. These findings show that a crystalline protein matrix may accommodate a chemical modification that alters the dissolution rate of the crystal in a therapeutically useful way, yet that is structurally innocuous enough to preserve the pharmaceutical integrity of the original microcrystalline entity and the pharmacological activity of the parent molecule.

Nutrient retention and dynamics with time in turfgrass sand-based rootzone mixtures (RZMs) are not well documented. This study was conducted to determine chemical properties of putting greens as impacted by (i) RZM, (ii) establishment (EST), and (iii) putting green age. United States Golf Association (USGA) specification greens were constructed and established with creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) sequentially from 1997 to 2000. Treatments included two RZMs [i.e., 80:20 (v-v) sand and sphagnum peat mixture and an 80:15:5 (v-v-v) sand, sphagnum peat, and soil] and two EST procedures (i.e., accelerated vs. controlled). The accelerated treatment received 2.6-, 3.0-, and 2.6-fold N, P, and K, respectively, when compared with the controlled treatment during the EST year. Soil samples were taken and analyzed annually. The RZM generally had no effect on soil chemical properties during the EST year or beyond. All but five of the chemical properties investigated were significantly greater for the accelerated treatment compared with the controlled during the EST year. Soil pH in the accelerated treatment was lower than the controlled treatment, pH 6.7 vs. 7.4. Establishment treatments did not have an effect on chemical properties beyond the EST year, except for Bray1-P. All soil chemical properties investigated, excluding pH and available K, decreased after the EST year, but began to increase several years later.