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The fusion of professional and entrepreneurship education is increasingly recognized as vital for fostering economic growth and innovation, particularly in rapidly evolving economies such as China. This study addresses the need to integrate these educational models in Chinese private colleges to enhance students’ entrepreneurial competencies and career readiness. This study aims to develop and evaluate a cooperative model that integrates professional, entrepreneurial, and experiential learning to enhance students’ entrepreneurial intentions, competencies, and career readiness in Chinese private colleges. Using grounded theory methodology, this study conducted in-depth interviews with 65 students from 3 private colleges across different regions of China. The data were coded through open, axial, and selective coding processes to identify core factors influencing the integration of professional and entrepreneurship education. The analysis revealed three core categories influencing integration: value synergy, training system coherence, and platform resource synergy. These categories were further refined into seven main factors, leading to the development of a “Trinity” cooperative model focusing on “value-system resources” that integrates professional, entrepreneurial, and experiential learning. The “Trinity” model emphasizes the interconnectedness of educational streams and the necessity of experiential learning. This approach addresses existing challenges, such as fragmented educational frameworks and limited resources. The model is designed to enhance students’ entrepreneurial intentions, competencies, and career readiness, aligning with national innovation-driven development strategies. Integrating professional and entrepreneurship education through the “Trinity” cooperative model offers a comprehensive framework for educational reform in Chinese private colleges. This integration can significantly improve students’ entrepreneurial capabilities, contributing to social development goals.

Limited access to financial services is considered as a vital bottleneck for curbing poverty in Bangladesh. Digital technology such as mobile banking can contribute to accelerate people's access to finance but did not receive proper attention before COVID-19. This study intends to explore the use of mobile banking services to accelerate people's financial access in Bangladesh due to the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic by using secondary data. Mainly documentation techniques and descriptive statistical methods are used to collect and analyze the data. The study reveals that the number of registered mobile banking customers has escalated during the COVID-19 era. Mainly government policies regarding different mobile banking transactions such as cash in, cash out, person to person (P2P) transaction, salary and utility bill payments etc., have significantly contributed to rise the people's digital financial access during this pandemic. People's changing habit towards digital transactions has also contributed to increasing their financial access. The government should provide a convenient financial access platform to create a cashless society in the country.

Louhajang River, Bangladesh, which crosses Tangail as a densely industrialized and urbanized city, supplies water for different purposes. This study reports the levels of pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and some toxic heavy metals in 40 water samples collected during the summer and winter seasons from Louhajang River. The winter season reported higher levels of the examined parameters than the summer season with significant variation ( p < 0.05) for all parameters, with the exception of Cd. The metal contents were assessed against local and international standards for drinking, irrigation, and aquatic life purposes where different trends were observed. The heavy metal evaluation index and the ecological risk index reported low to moderate risks. The spatial distribution of metal contents assigned hot spots in some sites along the riverbed. The health risk assessment for three population categories, i.e., adult male, adult female, and children, was examined. Cr and Cd recorded hazard index > 1 in all cases, indicating possible non-cancer risk. The total carcinogenic risk values during both seasons were > 1.0 × 10 −6 , indicating possible cancer risk. The adopted collection of different approaches (comparison against standard levels of toxicants, statistical analysis, spatial distribution, and health risk assessment) successfully demonstrates a whole picture of the environmental status of Louhajang River, Bangladesh.

Bangladesh is one of the topmost climate vulnerable countries in the world where the riverine island (char) dwellers are the most victims of climate change. Climate finance is perceived as the key instruments to address the issues related to climate change impacts and improve the livelihood resilience of the rural people. This article examines the role of climate finance governance at the vulnerable hazard-prone chars in Bangladesh. Climate finance adaptation governance has been assessed through measuring the climate service intervention, behavioral changes and impacts at the local level. The study reveals that the mechanism of climate finance in Bangladesh is good enough, but implementation is not satisfactory. It also observed that there is a lack of participatory governance for disaster management, and there is no direct contribution of climate finance governance in the village level which causes to fail the existing implementation strategy. The study suggests that a riverine island-based long-term development program should be implemented through ensuring effective monitoring system so that climate finance governance can contribute a lot and improve the food security and livelihood resilience of char dwellers.

Urbanization is a continuous process for a city’s economic development. Though rapid urbanization provides a huge employment opportunity for people, urban threats also increase proportionately due to natural and man-made hazards. Understanding urban resilience and sustainability is an urgent matter to face hazards in the rapidly urbanized world. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the concept and develop key indications of urban resilience and sustainability from the existing literature. A systematic literature review guided by PRISMA has been conducted using literature from 1 January 2001 to 30 November 2021. It argues that sustainability and resilience are interrelated paradigms that emphasize a system’s capacity to move toward desirable development paths. Resilience and sustainability are fundamentally concerned with preserving societal health and well-being within the context of a broader framework of environmental change. There are significant differences in their emphasis and time scales, particularly in the context of urbanization. This study has identified key indicators of urban resilience under three major components like adaptive capacity (education, health, food, and water), absorptive capacity (community support, urban green space, protective infrastructure, access to transport), and transformative capacity (communication technology, collaboration of multi-stakeholders, emergency services of government, community-oriented urban planning). This study also identified several indicators under major dimensions (social, economic, and environmental) of urban sustainability. The findings will be fruitful in understanding the dynamics of urban vulnerability and resilience and its measurement and management strategy from developed indicators.

This article aims to extend the current understanding of social networking in small creative traditional sectors in developing countries. Most of the relevant studies have tended to focus on developed countries while neglecting the developing countries perspective. However, our study stresses that small craft firms—subsector of creative industries—are not only significant for income and employment generation but these businesses also are dominant in most of the developing countries. Hence, this article develops a model to demonstrate the effects of social networking on innovation and thus entrepreneurial success in small creative firms from developing countries perspective. We empirically tested our proposed research model on a sample of 254 small creative firms in the craft sector located in Bangladesh. Our results suggest that small creative firms can and do benefit from establishing a cooperative relationship with buyers, suppliers, and designers. However, cooperation with competitors does not have a significant impact on innovation. The findings of our study have substantial implications for both practitioners and policymakers interested in enhancing innovation among small creative firms mainly craft sector. In particular, we argue that a small creative firm’s innovative activity benefits from close relations with suppliers and designers.

This research aimed to investigate effect of transformational leadership (TL) in stimulating employee creativity (EC) leading to organizational innovation (OI) and assess the moderating role of Intrinsic Motivation (IM) between TL and EC. The data was collected from 164 supervisor-employee dyads of 31 Pakistani software firms. A three-step approach to SEM was applied to examine mediator and moderator variables. The findings indicate that the Idealized Influence, Intellectual Stimulation, and Inspirational Motivation have a great influence on OI and EC but Individual Consideration was not found to be significantly related to OI and EC. The findings further proved the positive and significant moderating effect of IM for TL and EC. Thus, through TL style, EC can be promoted with the interactive effect of IM by inspiring employees to think out of the box leading to innovation in the organization. This paper attempts to contribute to the current literature by developing moderating role of IM. Furthermore, we have also examined how each dimension of TL is affecting EC, and OI, further some interesting discoveries are also made which other studies have not done before.

The adaptive capacity of small-scale fishermen (SSF) hinges on the interaction between multiple livelihood capitals—human, physical, social, financial, and natural—as outlined in the Sustainable Livelihood Framework. However, existing studies have primarily focused on individual aspects of these capitals, with limited attention to how they collectively shape adaptive capacity, particularly within the Malaysian context. This study addresses this gap by developing an Adaptive Capacity Index (ACI) and assessing the interrelationships among livelihood capitals for SSF in Kedah and Kelantan. Using stratified random sampling, 722 SSF were selected from nine fisheries areas, with data collected through structured surveys and analysed using PLS-SEM. Our findings indicate that financial and physical capital have the most significant impact on economic capital. Social capital affects outcomes related to natural capital but has a limited effect on human capital. The quality of physical capital is essential for marine conservation efforts and the resilience of SSF. ACI calculations show varying adaptive capacities across regions, implying the need for multidimensional adaptation strategies that address specific geographical challenges. Our findings also reveal how different types of capital act as compensatory mechanisms depending on a community’s resource constraints. SSF in Kedah must rely on their social networks when financial and physical resources are limited. In contrast, areas with well-developed natural and physical resources do not depend on financial capital. Substantial financial resources in some parts of Kelantan enhance overall adaptive capacity, while in others, they help compensate for natural resource loss and weak social ties. Plain language summary Livelihood capitals of small-scale fishermen in Malaysia Small-scale fishermen (SSF) in Malaysia, particularly in the Kedah and Kelantan states, often face environmental changes, limited resources, and economic instability. These challenges make it harder for them to sustain their livelihoods. This study seeks to understand how fishermen can better adapt to these issues by focusing on the resources they access, such as skills, finances, social networks, and natural resources. The research looks at five essential resources, known as livelihood capitals: human capital (skills, education, health), physical capital (tools and equipment like boats), social capital (relationships and networks), financial capital (income and savings), and natural capital (access to fish and other natural resources). By examining these resources, we aim to identify the key factors that help fishermen cope and adapt to changes. As such, we surveyed 722 SSF in Kedah and Kelantan. The results show that having sound financial and physical resources, such as savings and reliable equipment, plays a significant role in helping fishermen adapt. Social connections also help fishermen make better use of natural resources. However, the fishermen’s ability to adapt varies between regions, meaning that different strategies may be needed depending on where they live. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers to develop programmes that address the specific needs of SSF, helping them to manage changes better and improve their ability to sustain their livelihoods in the long term.

The economic–tourism–environment (ETE) is a complex system with extensive connotations and coupling characteristics. The exact understanding of these systems forms the prerequisite and basis for regional development. This study explores the impact of the coupling coordination of the ETE system on the level and influencing factors of sustainable development in western China. An evaluation index system has been developed for assessing the coupling coordination (CC) of the ETE system based on the context of 12 provinces and cities in western China. Entropy and spatial autocorrelation methods have been used to evaluate the comprehensive benefit value and influencing factors of the ETE systems in the region. The spatial Durbin model has been used to assess empirical data from 2010–2019. The coupling coordination degree (CCD) of each subsystem was used as the main explanatory variable to quantify the spatial spillover effect. The research results show that the ETE system of the provinces and cities in western China have a strong correlation. The three subsystems interact, restrict, and promote each other, operating together in contradictory unity. The degree of coupling and coordination of the ETE systems are mainly stable but fluctuate from the time perspective. From the spatial perspective, the level of coupling and coordination have clear spatial correlation and spatial dependence. However, since 2013, the spatial dependence has significantly weakened, indicating that the level of coupling coordination is moving towards a balanced direction. The ETE subsystems not only promote the improvement of the coupling coordination of the region itself, but also optimize the coupling coordination of neighboring areas. The promotion effect of each subsystem on the degree of self-coupling and coordination is greater than the promotion effect on neighboring areas.