Explore the vast range of titles available.

Basketball is a court-based team-sport that requires a broad array of demands (physiological, mechanical, technical, tactical) in training and competition which makes it important for practitioners to understand the stress imposed on the basketball player during practice and match-play. Therefore, the main aim of the present systematic review is to investigate the training and match-play demands of basketball in elite, sub-elite, and youth competition. A search of five electronic databases (PubMed, SportDiscus, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and Cochrane) was conducted until December 20th, 2019. Articles were included if the study: (i) was published in English; (ii) contained internal or external load variables from basketball training and/or competition; and (iii) reported physiological or metabolic demands of competition or practice. Additionally, studies were classified according to the type of study participants into elite (20), sub-elite (9), and youth (6). A total of 35 articles were included in the systematic review. Results indicate that higher-level players seem to be more efficient while moving on-court. When compared to sub-elite and youth, elite players cover less distance at lower average velocities and with lower maximal and average heart rate during competition. However, elite-level players have a greater bandwidth to express higher velocity movements. From the present systematic review, it seems that additional investigation on this topic is warranted before a \"clear picture\" can be drawn concerning the acceleration and deceleration demands of training and competition. It is necessary to accurately and systematically assess competition demands to provide appropriate training strategies that resemble match-play.

Hypohydration increases physiological strain and reduces physical and technical soccer performance, but there are limited data on how fluid balance responses change between different types of sessions in professional players. This study investigated sweat and fluid/carbohydrate intake responses in elite male professional soccer players training at low and high intensities in cool and hot environments. Fluid/sodium (Na+) losses and ad-libitum carbohydrate/fluid intake of fourteen elite male soccer players were measured on four occasions: cool (wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT): 15 ± 7 °C, 66 ± 6% relative humidity (RH)) low intensity (rating of perceived exertion (RPE) 2–4, m·min−1 40–46) (CL); cool high intensity (RPE 6–8, m·min−1 82–86) (CH); hot (29 ± 1 °C, 52 ± 7% RH) low intensity (HL); hot high intensity (HH). Exercise involved 65 ± 5 min of soccer-specific training. Before and after exercise, players were weighed in minimal clothing. During training, players had ad libitum access to carbohydrate beverages and water. Sweat [Na+] (mmol·L−1), which was measured by absorbent patches positioned on the thigh, was no different between conditions, CL: 35 ± 9, CH: 38 ± 8, HL: 34 ± 70.17, HH: 38 ± 8 (p = 0.475). Exercise intensity and environmental condition significantly influenced sweat rates (L·h−1), CL: 0.55 ± 0.20, CH: 0.98 ± 0.21, HL: 0.81 ± 0.17, HH: 1.43 ± 0.23 (p =0.001), and percentage dehydration (p < 0.001). Fluid intake was significantly associated with sweat rate (p = 0.019), with no players experiencing hypohydration > 2% of pre-exercise body mass. Carbohydrate intake varied between players (range 0–38 g·h−1), with no difference between conditions. These descriptive data gathered on elite professional players highlight the variation in the hydration status, sweat rate, sweat Na+ losses, and carbohydrate intake in response to training in cool and hot environments and at low and high exercise intensities.

Background: Apophyseal injuries are common in children and adolescent athletes. These injuries are believed to be caused by repetitive overloading, which can create inflammatory and degenerative conditions in growing bone prominences. However, their prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment in young soccer players have been understudied. Purpose: To evaluate characteristics of apophyseal injuries in adolescent athletes at an elite soccer academy. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: All apophyseal injuries between July 2008 and June 2015 were evaluated. For each injury, the authors recorded the type and location, age of the player, injury date, imaging modalities, and time absent from training/competition. Results: Over the 7 seasons of this study, 210 apophyseal injuries were documented, including 172 simple apophyseal injuries and 38 apophyseal avulsion fractures. The rate of apophyseal injuries was 0.35 per 1000 hours of training exposure. A total of 196 (93.3%) cases were primary injuries, and the rest (6.7%) were reinjuries. Ultrasonography was the most commonly used imaging modality for diagnosis (172 cases; 81.9%). The most common location of apophyseal injuries was the anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS). Return to sport was faster in athletes with apophyseal injury at the ischiopubic ramus, those with simple apophyseal injuries, and younger athletes. Conclusion: The most common location for apophyseal injury among soccer players was the AIIS. Return to training and competition differed according to injury location, type of apophyseal injury, and age.

Les ciències aplicades a l’activitat física i a l’esport són relativament recents i han d’estandarditzar encara el seu vocabulari en algunes àrees de coneixement. Establir una terminologia de consens i unívoca en relació amb els exercicis de força amb sobrecàr­regues és fonamental per a les persones professionals que treballen en les ciències de l’exercici físic i el cos humà. És imprescindible articular una terminologia vehicular en aquest sector d’intervenció social de gran repercussió. El dret a la lliure circulació de persones pels països de la Unió Europea i, en general, la globalització, fan necessari també el coneixement de la terminologia de la musculació en altres llengües vehiculars. El següent article és l’últim d’una sèrie de quatre i presenta els exercicis més representatius d’extremitats inferiors com abductors, aductors, extensors, flexors i extensors del maluc, extensors i flexors del genoll, flexors del peu i aixecaments olímpics en versió catalana, castellana i anglesa, amb l’objectiu que conformin una base de gran abast que permeti definir altres exercicis.

Las ciencias aplicadas a la actividad física y el deporte son relativamente recientes y deben estandarizar todavía su vocabulario en algunas áreas de conocimiento. Establecer una terminología de consenso y unívoca en relación con los ejercicios de fuerza con sobrecargas es fundamental para los profesionales que trabajan en las ciencias del ejercicio físico y el cuerpo humano. Es imprescindible articular una terminología vehicular en este sector de intervención social de gran repercusión. El derecho a la libre circulación de personas por los países de la Unión Europea y, en general, la globalización, hace necesario también el conocimiento de la terminología de la musculación en otras lenguas vehiculares. El siguiente artículo es el último de una serie de cuatro y presenta los ejercicios más representativos de extremidad inferior como, abductores, aductores, extensores y flexores de la cadera, extensores y flexores de la rodilla, flexores del pie y levantamientos olímpicos, en versiones castellana, catalana e inglesa, con el objetivo de que conformen una base de gran alcance que permita definir otros ejercicios. Se han distribuido los ejercicios por regiones corporales. La elección de los ejercicios no obedece a criterios de salud o rendimiento, sino que se han propuesto aquellos más representativos en la elaboración de las rutinas de musculación, así como en la bibliografía de referencia, tanto en el ámbito de la cinesiología (por ejemplo, Aeberg, 1998; Enoka, 1994; Floyd & Thompson, 2004) como en el de la musculación para la salud (Beachle & Groves, 1998; Darden, 1990; Kinakin, 2004; Salter, 1999, entre otros), el de la musculación estética (Llucià, 2001; Schwarzenegger, 1985) o diccionarios del deporte (Bañeres, De Seabra, & Bonet, 1989), con el objetivo que conformen una base suficientemente amplia que permita definir a otros ejercicios con facilidad. Una vez elaborado el documento, se ha entregado a profesionales que trabajan en diferentes ámbitos del mundo de la actividad física y del entrenamiento, para que den su opinión en relación a la nomenclatura. * A todos los especialistas que han aportado consideraciones: Toni Alomar, Aureli Altimira, David Álvarez, Rosa Angulo, Ramón Arús, Xavier Balius, Pau Barbat, Carlos Bernardos, Alfonso Blanco, Anthony Boddy, Enrique Bonilla, Francesc Borrell, Lorenzo Buenaventura, Albert Busquets, Martí Cabré, David Caparrós, Albert Capellas, Rocío Cárceles, David Carreras, Miquel Àngel Cos, Gabriel Daza, Glòria Fontova, [Juan Garc]ía, Gonzalo Gil, Carles González, [Juan Jos]é González [Badillo], Adrián Gutiérrez, José Vicente Ibañez, Xavi Iglesias, Alfredo Irurtia, Mikel Izquierdo, Ramón Lacaba, Carlos Lalín, Albert Llorenç, Joaquim Llucià, Albert Marco, Jordi Mateo, Michel Marina, Marcel.lí Massafret, Alice McDowald, Jaume Mirallas, Manolo Montoya, Juan Morales, Patricia Morales, Juan Carlos Morante, Gerard Moras, Jaume Munill, Javier Olivera, Josep Ma Padullés, Francisco Pascual, José Luis Pascual, Xavier Peirau, David Pérez, [Jordi Porta], Joan Antoni Prat, Emili Ricart, Albert Roca, Andreu Roig, Toni Rubiella, Domingo Sánchez, Iolanda Sánchez, Francisco Seirul.lo, Isidre Sistaré, Jordi Solà, Joan Solé, Barbara Steer, Joan Ramón Tarragó, Julio Tous, Manel Vela, Carles Ventura.

Non-invasive approaches for cell-free DNA (cfDNA) assessment provide an opportunity for cancer detection and intervention. Here, we use a machine learning model for detecting tumor-derived cfDNA through genome-wide analyses of cfDNA fragmentation in a prospective study of 365 individuals at risk for lung cancer. We validate the cancer detection model using an independent cohort of 385 non-cancer individuals and 46 lung cancer patients. Combining fragmentation features, clinical risk factors, and CEA levels, followed by CT imaging, detected 94% of patients with cancer across stages and subtypes, including 91% of stage I/II and 96% of stage III/IV, at 80% specificity. Genome-wide fragmentation profiles across ~13,000 ASCL1 transcription factor binding sites distinguished individuals with small cell lung cancer from those with non-small cell lung cancer with high accuracy (AUC = 0.98). A higher fragmentation score represented an independent prognostic indicator of survival. This approach provides a facile avenue for non-invasive detection of lung cancer. DNA from tumour cells can be detected in the blood of cancer patients. Here, the authors show that cell free DNA fragmentation patterns can identify lung cancer patients and when this information is further interrogated it can be used to predict lung cancer histological subtype.

Cell-free DNA in the blood provides a non-invasive diagnostic avenue for patients with cancer 1 . However, characteristics of the origins and molecular features of cell-free DNA are poorly understood. Here we developed an approach to evaluate fragmentation patterns of cell-free DNA across the genome, and found that profiles of healthy individuals reflected nucleosomal patterns of white blood cells, whereas patients with cancer had altered fragmentation profiles. We used this method to analyse the fragmentation profiles of 236 patients with breast, colorectal, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, gastric or bile duct cancer and 245 healthy individuals. A machine learning model that incorporated genome-wide fragmentation features had sensitivities of detection ranging from 57% to more than 99% among the seven cancer types at 98% specificity, with an overall area under the curve value of 0.94. Fragmentation profiles could be used to identify the tissue of origin of the cancers to a limited number of sites in 75% of cases. Combining our approach with mutation-based cell-free DNA analyses detected 91% of patients with cancer. The results of these analyses highlight important properties of cell-free DNA and provide a proof-of-principle approach for the screening, early detection and monitoring of human cancer. Analyses of fragmentation patterns of cell-free DNA in the blood of patients with cancer and healthy individuals using a machine learning algorithm provide a proof-of principle approach for the early detection and screening of human cancer.

The processing of fishery products generates a substantial amount of by-products, which can be utilized to promote a circular economy. The objective of the present study was to extract and characterize native collagen and total lipid extract from the fish skin and bones of crevalle jack (Caranx hippos). Physicochemical, structural, and morphological properties were evaluated for collagens. Chemical composition and functional properties were evaluated for lipid extracts. Native type I collagens were obtained by acid extraction, yielding approximately 2.64–6.16% (d.b.). The elemental chemical analysis showed its purity. The stability of the triple helix of collagen was verified through characteristic bands in the FTIR and UV spectra, the peaks at 2θ, around 7.5° and 19.5° obtained by XRD, and the bands of SDS-PAGE. Collagens show isoelectric points of 4.94 (skin) and 4.90 (bone), thermal stabilities of 53.40 °C (skin) and 46.88 °C (bone), and the percentage surface porosities of 41.28 (skin) and 38.84 (bone), all of which demonstrate their potential as a raw material in the biomedical field. The total lipids obtained were extracted using the Soxhlet and Folch methods. The extracts show EPA (1.26–3.16%) and DHA (3.94–9.78%) contents, with inhibition percentages of 32.7% (ABTS), 19.6% (DPPH), and 70.83% (β-carotene). These results highlight the potential of total lipid extract for nutraceutical and food applications.

Abstract Context Rare partial/complete loss-of-function mutations in the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) gene are the most common cause of Mendelian obesity in European populations, but their contribution to obesity in the Mexican population is unclear. Objective and Design We investigated whether deleterious mutations in MC4R contribute to obesity in Mexican children and adults. Results We provide evidence that the MC4R p.Ile269Asn (rs79783591) mutation may have arisen in modern human populations from a founder event in native Mexicans. The MC4R Isoleucine 269 is perfectly conserved across 184 species, which suggests a critical role for the amino acid in MC4R activity. Four in silico tools (SIFT, PolyPhen-2, CADD, MutPred2) predicted a deleterious impact of the p.Ile269Asn substitution on MC4R function. The MC4R p.Ile269Asn mutation was associated with childhood (Ncontrols = 952, Ncases = 661, odds ratio (OR) = 3.06, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) [1.94–4.85]) and adult obesity (Ncontrols = 1445, Ncases = 2,487, OR = 2.58, 95%CI [1.52–4.39]). The frequency of the MC4R p.Ile269Asn mutation ranged from 0.52 to 0.59% and 1.53 to 1.59% in children and adults with normal weight and obesity, respectively. The MC4R p.Ile269Asn mutation co-segregated perfectly with obesity in 5 multigenerational Mexican pedigrees. While adults with obesity carrying the p.Ile269Asn mutation had higher BMI values than noncarriers, this trend was not observed in children. The MC4R p.Ile269Asn mutation accounted for a population attributable risk of 1.28% and 0.68% for childhood and adult obesity, respectively, in the Mexican population. Conclusion The MC4R p.Ile269Asn mutation may have emerged as a founder mutation in native Mexicans and is associated with childhood and adult obesity in the modern Mexican population.