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In this study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children with renal failure under treatment with dialysis and its association with biochemical measurements. In this cross-sectional study, children aged less than 18 years with chronic kidney disease (CKD) who were under treatment with dialysis at least 3 months ago were enrolled. To evaluate fatty liver in those patients who had no recent liver ultrasonography (last 6 months), liver ultrasonography was performed. The characteristics of patients with renal failure with and without NAFLD based on the ultrasonographic evaluation were compared. The association between NAFLD and the studied variables was evaluated. In this study, 39 children (31 males and 8 females) with renal failure who underwent treatment with dialysis were included. From the studied population, six (19.4%) had NAFLD based on ultrasonographic evaluation. There were no differences between renal failure patients with and without NAFLD regarding the biochemical and anthropometric characteristics ( > 0.0). The prevalence of NAFLD in our studied children with renal failure who underwent treatment with dialysis was like the general population and it was not associated with the biochemical and anthropometric characteristics of the patients. Given the importance of NAFLD in renal failure patients as well as its subtle nature, it is recommended to screen patients with CKD for NAFLD.

Choosing the right temperature probe location is important, especially in VLBW infants. We aimed to determine five points of the skin surface and compare them with the axillary temperature of potentially suitable locations as well as the best location for skin probe placement.BackgroundChoosing the right temperature probe location is important, especially in VLBW infants. We aimed to determine five points of the skin surface and compare them with the axillary temperature of potentially suitable locations as well as the best location for skin probe placement.In a cross-sectional study, 400 neonates with gestational age above 26 weeks were enrolled. The axillary temperature was measured using a mercury thermometer at 0 and 30 min. Then, the body temperature was measured using a surface probe on the five skin areas, including the thoracic area, epigastric region, RUQ area, hypogastric area, and left flanking area. Data recorded were compared with the axillary temperature at 0 and 30 min.MethodsIn a cross-sectional study, 400 neonates with gestational age above 26 weeks were enrolled. The axillary temperature was measured using a mercury thermometer at 0 and 30 min. Then, the body temperature was measured using a surface probe on the five skin areas, including the thoracic area, epigastric region, RUQ area, hypogastric area, and left flanking area. Data recorded were compared with the axillary temperature at 0 and 30 min.Mean neonatal axillary temperatures at 0 and 30 min were 36.60 and 36.61, respectively. The mean temperature was recorded using skin probes at 0 and 30 min in the thoracic region (36.34 and 36.35) in the epigastric region (36.45 and 36.47), in the RUQ region (36.50 and 36.52), in the Flank region (36.26 and 36.20), and in the hypogastric region (36.24 and 36.26). The lowest mean difference recorded by surface probes with the temperature measured by the thermometer in the axillary region was related to the surface probe RUQ (mean difference: 0.1 and 0.09), which was not statistically significant.ResultsMean neonatal axillary temperatures at 0 and 30 min were 36.60 and 36.61, respectively. The mean temperature was recorded using skin probes at 0 and 30 min in the thoracic region (36.34 and 36.35) in the epigastric region (36.45 and 36.47), in the RUQ region (36.50 and 36.52), in the Flank region (36.26 and 36.20), and in the hypogastric region (36.24 and 36.26). The lowest mean difference recorded by surface probes with the temperature measured by the thermometer in the axillary region was related to the surface probe RUQ (mean difference: 0.1 and 0.09), which was not statistically significant.RUQ area probe has the lowest difference with the temperature calculated using the thermometer in the axillary region and is the best place to put the skin probe for prevention of hypo/hyperthermia.ConclusionsRUQ area probe has the lowest difference with the temperature calculated using the thermometer in the axillary region and is the best place to put the skin probe for prevention of hypo/hyperthermia.

Introduction. The prevalence of congenital anomaly of kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) and related chronic kidney disease (CKD) may be increased in countries with higher rate of consanguineous marriage. Therefore, we evaluated the prevalence of CKD by biochemical and kidney ultrasound measurements in the firstgrade pupils. Methods. This cross -sectional study was carried on children aged 6 to 7 years. Urine analysis, serum creatinine, urine microalbumin to creatinine ratio and kidney ultrasound have been evaluated for participants. Results. 653 children were recruited to the study. Stage 1 and stage 2 systolic hypertension have been found in 6.5 and 1%, respectively. The percentage of stage 1 and stage 2 diastolic hypertension were 1.3 and 0.3%, respectively. Both weight Z-score and waist Z-score had positive correlation with systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Microalbuminuria (in 2.5%) did not have any correlation with the following factors: hypertension, body mass index, microscopic hematuria, glomerular filtration rate, kidney sonographic abnormalities or kidney parenchymal thickness and family history of kidney transplantation. GFR less than 90 mL/ min /1.73 m2 has been detected in 1.8% of the students. Only 1.7% had urine RBC more than 5 in each high-power field (hpf). Approximately 1.5% had anatomical abnormality of kidney and urinary tract (hydronephrosis or hydroureter). Conclusion. Considering the higher prevalence of elevated blood pressure and microalbuminuria in Iranian children, a CKD screening program based on evaluating microalbuminuria and blood pressure measurement is needed. However, irrespective of high prevalence of consanguineous marriage in Iran, using kidney ultrasound as a screening tool has not been recommended.DOI: 10.52547/ijkd.7306

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) increases the risk of developing many chronic diseases and originates early in life; its prevalence varies by population. The present study investigated the prevalence of MetS and the association between MetS and obesity in a population of adolescents in northern Iran. A total of 450 Iranian high school students (50% boys), aged 15-18 years, were enrolled in the study. Physical examination and biochemical analyses were conducted according to standard protocols; MetS was defined according to the modified NHANES III criteria. The prevalence of MetS among subjects was 3.3%. Eight percent of subjects had a body mass index (BMI) >75th percentile, and 10.5% had a BMI >85th percentile. Overall, 42.1% of students did not have any components of MetS. Waist circumferences (WC), Body Mass Index (BMI), serum level of triglycerides (TG) and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) were significantly higher among girls than boys. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and fasting blood sugar (FBS) were significantly higher among boys than girls. The associations between a BMI > or = 85th percentile and MetS (OR 6.97; 95%CI 2.41-20.16) and between a BMI > or = 75th percentile and MetS (OR 6.74; 95%CI 2.10-21.57) were statistically significant. The association between an increased WC and MetS was also statistically significant (OR 21.64; 95%CI 6.7-69.81). This study confirms the high prevalence of components of MetS among apparently Iranian adolescents, even among those not overweight. The high prevalence of MetS among adolescents with generalized and abdominal obesity underscores the need for primary prevention of MetS in early life.