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In order to identify the effect of herbicidal weed control practices on yield components and yield of wheat, the study was conducted at Kocha kebele in Chena district of Kaffa zone, Southwestern Ethiopia. 2,4-D amine salt (0.5 kg ha−1, 1 kg ha−1, and 1.5 kg ha−1) supplemented with one hand weeding 30 days after chemical application, clodinafop-propargyl 6% + fluroxypyr 12% (0.5 kg ha−1, 0.75 kg ha−1, and 1 kg ha−1) supplemented with one hand weeding 30 days after chemical application, pyroxsulam (0.4 kg ha−1, 0.5 kg ha−1, and 0.6 kg ha−1) supplemented with one hand weeding 30 days after chemical application, 2,4-D amine salt at 1 kg ha−1, clodinafop-propargyl 6% + fluroxypyr 12% at 0.75 kg ha−1, pyroxsulam at 0.5 kg ha−1, two hand weeding 30 and 45 days after crop emergence, weed-free check, and weedy check (unweeded) were the weed control treatments. Fifteen treatments were used for the trial and arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments had a significant effect on weed community, dry matter of weeds, parameters on weed control, phenology and growth parameters, and yield components and yield of wheat. The minimum total weed dry biomass was recorded in plots treated with clodinafop-propargyl 6% + fluroxypyr 12% at 1 kg ha−1 + one hand weeding at crop harvest. The highest weed control efficiency (93.30%) and herbicide efficiency index (27.06%) and the lowest weed index (14.18%) were recorded with the application of clodinafop-propargyl 6% + fluroxypyr 12% at 1 kg ha−1 + one hand weeding. Higher number of grains per spike (57.9), 1000-grain weight (39.4 g ha−1), grain yield (3635.6 kg ha−1), biological yield (9004 kgha−1), and harvest index (40.23%) were recorded with the application of clodinafop-propargyl 6% + fluroxypyr 12% at 1 kg ha−1 + one hand weeding 30 days after chemical application, next to weed-free check. Managing weeds with the application of clodinafop-propargyl 6% + fluroxypyr 12% at 1 kg ha−1 + one hand weeding contributed maximum (50,745.2 ETB) net benefit. The application of clodinafop-propargyl 6% + fluroxypyr 12% at1.0 kg ha−1 plus one hand weeding can be recommended to acquire high grain yield of wheat and high economic return in the study site.

There is a need to optimize the modus operandi of fertilizer beneath farmers’ situations, mainly its application alongside organic resources. The study is aimed at investigating the effect of combined application of NPS blended fertilizer and cattle manure on growth, yield attributes, and yield of grain amaranth. The experiments were conducted in 2020 main cropping season in 3 localities, i.e., Guraferda, Menitgoldiya, and Menitshasha woredas in Southwest Ethiopia. The treatments were consisted of four NPS blended fertilizer levels (0, 20, 40, and 60 kg·ha−1) and four cattle manure series (0, 4, 8, and 12 t·ha−1). The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in a factorial arrangement and was replicated 3 times. The effects revealed that the combined efficacy of NPS blended fertilizer and cattle manure significantly affected the days to flowering, days to physiological maturity, plant height, panicle length, number of panicles per plant, weight of thousand-grain, above-ground biomass yield, and grain yield. The highest amaranth grain yield of 1264.4 kg·ha−1 was recorded with 60 kg NPS fertilizer ha−1 and 12 t cattle manure ha−1 in combination followed by 60 kg NPS fertilizer ha−1 + 8 t cattle manure ha−1. The partial budget analysis indicated that the highest price 22759 ETB ha−1 was received from 60 kg·ha−1 NPS fertilizer and 12 t·ha−1 cattle manure. The results of this study indicated that application of 60 kg·NPS ha−1 in mixture with 12 t·ha−1 cattle manure is the best combination to achieve the maximum yield in the study areas. Therefore, in light of the significant response of amaranth to organic and inorganic fertilizer, further studies aimed at promoting integrated soil fertility management and formulation of fertilizer recommendation on yearly soil and plant test bases over locations will be useful.

The knowledge and attitudes of health care providers were limited as reviewed in many studies. Attitudes and knowledge about pre-exposure prophylaxis among healthcare providers have not been investigated in Ethiopia even though pre-exposure prophylaxis is a novel healthcare topic. The aim was to assess knowledge, attitudes, and associated factors towards pre-exposure prophylaxis among healthcare providers in Gojjam health facilities, North West Ethiopia, 2022. An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted from June 1–30 among 410 healthcare providers in public health facilities in the East Gojjam zone. A simple random sampling technique was used to recruit the required study participants. The statistical program EPI Data version 4.6 was used to enter the data, and statistical packages for Social science version 25 was used for analysis. Variables with a p-value less than 0.25 in the bivariable analysis were included in the multivariable logistic regression analysis. Statistical significance was determined with a p-value less than 0.05. The good knowledge and the favorable attitude of healthcare providers toward HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis were 55.7% (50.6–60.2%) and 60.2% (55.0–65.0%) respectively. male participant (AOR 1.67; 95% CI (1.01–2.55), service year ≥ 10 years (AOR 2.52; 95% CI (1.23–5.17), favorable attitudes (AOR 1.92; 95%CI (1.25–2.95), and providers good sexual behavior (AOR 1.85; 95%CI (1.21–2.82) were significantly associated with the good knowledge, and training (AOR 2.15; 95% CI (1.23–3.76), reading the guideline (AOR 1.66; 95% CI (1.02–2.70), and good knowledge (AOR 1.78; 95% CI (1.16–2.75) was significantly associated with the favorable attitudes. In general, the finding of this study shows that the knowledge and attitudes of healthcare providers were low. Since this is a new initiative their knowledge is lower than their attitudes. Male, service year 10 years, and good provider sexual behavior were factors significantly associated with good knowledge. Training, reading the guidelines, and good knowledge were factors significantly associated with a favorable attitudes. As a result, healthcare facilities intervention programs and strategies better target these factors to improve the knowledge and attitudes of healthcare providers. Preparing training programs to enhance knowledge and attitudes towards PrEP is recommended.

The current study assessed the effects of integrated nutrient management on nutrient content of naturally grown amaranth ( Amaranthus spp.) seeds in South Central Ethiopia. The application of farmyard manure (FYM), in comparison to an unfertilized control, has been explored with NPS fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. A field experiment in Abshige Woreda has used amaranth seedlings treated with varying quantities of NPS fertilizer together with a fixed rate of FYM. Laboratory analysis was carried out to establish the proximate composition of the seeds that includes protein, ash, crude fat, carbohydrate, and moisture, besides mineral content comprising Mn, Cu, Mg, K, Ca, Fe, and Zn. According to the results, the nutritional profile of amaranth seeds from fertilized plots showed notable changes. Increased NPS fertilization significantly enhanced the value over that of the control for protein content from 17.58 to 19.08%, ash from 2.72 to 3.38%, crude fat from 7.67 to 7.75%, and moisture from 10.02 to 10.05%. Mineral analysis also showed an increase in magnesium of as high as 257.19 mg/100 g, copper 0.37 mg/100 g, potassium 385.25 mg/100 g, calcium 197.39 mg/100 g, iron 5.29 mg/100 g, and zinc 24.98 mg/100 g under increased application rates. Hydration characteristics and the quantity of carbohydrates remained constant across treatments. These findings indicate that the application of NPS fertilizer increases the nutritional and mineral quality of amaranth seeds, particularly when integrated with organic amendments. Further studies are recommended to optimize economical NPS/FYM treatment ratios and understand the implications in the long run on soil health and crop productivity.

As adolescence is a stage in which human beings face once throughout a lifetime and it is the experimental period for this reason risky sexual behavior is common among young people, and it has several sexual and reproductive health consequences. In Ethiopia, mostly as in many other settings, the behaviors of adolescents strongly influence the course of STDs including HIV/AIDS due to their risky sexual practices. This study is a descriptive cross sectional survey research design. The finding showed that, Pocket money, peer pressure, substances use and self-efficacy to resist sexual advances are associated with risky sexual behaviors. The findings regarding gender difference showed that there was no statistically significant difference between male and female students with regard to age of first sexual intercourse. Concerned with risk factor for unsafe sexual behavior of adolescents was observed with abuse of alcohol, Khat, Shisha, Tela and cigarette. Providing the necessary knowledge and skills for adolescents, parents and different stakeholders are the suggested recommendation.

A field experiment was conducted in Bench Maji Zone at Guraferda district during the 2020 main cropping season to assess the effect of row spacing and frequency of weeding on weeds, yield components, and yield of rice and to estimate the economic feasibility of weed control practices of rice. Factorial combination of three-row spacing (20, 25, and 30 cm) and six weeding frequencies (one-hand weeding and hoeing at 2, 3, and 4 weeks after emergence, two-hand weeding and hoeing at 2 and 5 weeks after emergence, and weed-free check and weedy check) were laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Weed control efficiency, days to 50% heading, days to 90% physiological maturity, plant height, and straw yield were significantly affected by weeding frequencies but not by row spacing. Significantly higher panicle length (24.07 cm), number of productive tillers (209.08 m−2), number of kernels per panicle (252.22), grain yield (4303.0 kg·ha−1), aboveground dry biomass (10295.4 kg·ha−1), and harvest index (40.79%) were observed under 25 cm row spacing, compared with 20 and 30 cm. Significantly higher panicle length (25.81 cm), number of productive tillers (257.71 m−2), number of kernels per panicle (172.33), thousand kernels weight (35.44 g), grain yield (5226.7 kg·ha−1), aboveground dry biomass (11696.3 kg·ha−1), and harvest index (44.92%) were recorded under complete weed-free check plots. However, the highest net return (46,394.87 ETB·ha−1) was obtained from the combination of 25 cm row spacing and two-hand weeding and hoeing at 2 and 5 weeks after emergence, as the cost of maintaining weed-free plots was much higher. Thus, practicing two-hand weeding and hoeing at 2 and 5 WAE and 25 cm row spacing was found to be both agronomically and economically feasible for Rice (NERICA-4) production in the Guraferda area.

Background Computed Tomography (CT) plays a crucial role for diagnostic purpose; however, delivering optimal radiation dose to patients is the common challenge. Objective The main objective of this study was to establish abdomino-pelvic national diagnostic reference levels (NDRL) in Ethiopia. Methods A quantitative cross-sectional study design was employed in 23 health facilities. A total of 800 abdomino-pelvic CT scans of patients were evaluated from January, 2023 to March, 2024. Scan parameters, patient profile and CT dose describers were collected using a structured data collection format. Third quartile median values of the volumetric CT dose index (CTDI vol ) and total dose length product (TDLP) were calculated using Microsoft Excel 2016 and SPSS software version 26. Finally, the results were compared with national, regional, and international DRL. Result The third quartile values obtained from the median values of TDLP and CTDI vol that were used as NDRL were 1387 mGy.cm and 10.5 mGy, respectively. This study found the highest and lowest median TDLP values of 3370mGy.cm and 273.7mGy.cm respectively. Conclusion The authors of this manuscript recommend that the NDRLs presented in this document can be used as a baseline against which hospitals future CT abdomino-pelvic median dose describers in Ethiopia can be compared.

Iddirs are traditional community-based organizations (CBOs) primarily established to facilitate burial ceremonies and comforting the bereaved. This study emphasized the additional roles and functions of Iddirs on supporting vulnerable groups of the community. The research has employed a qualitative research method, and it employs in-depth interviews, FGD and document analysis as data gathering instruments. Participants of the study were beneficiaries of Iddir (orphans and their caregivers), Iddir members and Iddir committees. The findings of this study showed that Iddir has significant contribution to improve the life of orphans and their caregivers. The types of care and support provided by Iddir include financial, material, medical, emotional, and psychosocial support. The study also shows that orphans in the area are vulnerable to a range of problems: food insecurity, lack of clothes and footwear, inadequate access to school and school materials, poor health, and physical and sexual abuse, in terms of their severity.

Women face multi-faceted challenges in participating in management position due to different factors. The purpose of this study is to investigate factors that affect participation of women in leadership positions in Bahir dar city administration. To address this objective, the study adopted mixed research methods with descriptive survey design. A total of 190 women public civil servants were taken as a sample. Moreover, a key informant interview with women in leadership positions was conducted. In addition, FGD were also a very important data-gathering instrument for this study. The findings revealed that there are three major factors for women's low participation in leadership positions, i.e. institutional, socio-cultural and individual factors. Those factors have decisive contributions for low participation of women in leadership positions. With proper implementation of women's policies in the organization, equal treatment during assignment leadership positions, and creating awareness in society that woman are capable for leadership positions.

Weeds significantly hinder mung bean production in Ethiopia. A field experiment conducted during the 2022 cropping season in Guragie Zone investigated the impact of pre- and post-emergence herbicides on weed control and mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.)) yield. The experiment utilized a randomized complete block design with three replicates and four treatments. The study revealed that the interaction between location and weed control methods significantly influenced weed density, dry weight, and control efficiency. Additionally, location and weed control methods significantly affected various mung bean growth parameters, including days to flowering and maturity, plant height, pod and seed numbers per plant, and grain yield. Meskan Wordea produced significantly higher pods per plant (14.4) and seeds per pod (9.73). Meanwhile, the weed-free check yielded the maximum number of pods per plant (20.38) and seeds per pod (11.68). Conversely, the weedy check exhibited the lowest values (7.17 pods and 6.43 seeds per pod). The weed-free check also achieved the highest grain yield (1412.9 kg ha−1), aboveground dry biomass (3309.2 kg ha−1), and harvest index (42.94%). Conversely, the weedy check yielded the lowest values. Financial analysis revealed that the combined application of Quizalofop-p-ethyl + Bentazone herbicide in Ezeha location resulted in the highest net profit (33602.3 ETB ha−1). Therefore, for optimal mung bean growth and yield in the study area, we recommend planting the Rasa variety with Quizalofop-p-ethyl + Bentazone herbicide in Ezeha location.