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Immune system-mediated tumor killing has revolutionized anti-tumor therapies, providing long-term and durable responses in some patients. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway controls multiple biological processes and is frequently dysregulated in malignancies. Enormous efforts have been made to develop inhibitors against class I PI3K. Notably, with the increasing understanding of PI3K, it has been widely accepted that PI3K inhibition not only restrains tumor progression, but also reshapes the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In this review, we focus on the pivotal roles of class I PI3Ks in adaptive and innate immune cells, as well as other stromal components. We discuss the modulation by PI3K inhibitors of the tumor-supportive microenvironment, including eliminating the regulatory immune cells, restoring cytotoxic cells or regulating angiogenesis. The potential combinations of PI3K inhibitors with other therapies to enhance the anti-tumor immunity are also described.

Oncogene-induced cellular senescence (OIS) is a complex program that is triggered in response to aberrant activation of oncogenic signaling. Initially, OIS was thought to be a barrier to malignant transformation because of its suppression on cell proliferation. Later studies showed that senescence induced by oncogenes can also promote the initiation and development of cancer. The opposing effects of OIS occur through different combinations of downstream effectors as well as the interplay of senescent cells and the microenvironment, such as senescence-associated inflammation. Here, we review the common features and molecular mechanisms underlying OIS and the interaction between senescent cells and the microenvironment. We propose that targeting senescent cells may have a beneficial therapeutic effect during the treatment of cancer.

Single-pixel imaging is an alternate imaging technique particularly well-suited to imaging modalities such as hyper-spectral imaging, depth mapping, 3D profiling. However, the single-pixel technique requires sequential measurements resulting in a trade-off between spatial resolution and acquisition time, limiting real-time video applications to relatively low resolutions. Compressed sensing techniques can be used to improve this trade-off. However, in this low resolution regime, conventional compressed sensing techniques have limited impact due to lack of sparsity in the datasets. Here we present an alternative compressed sensing method in which we optimize the measurement order of the Hadamard basis, such that at discretized increments we obtain complete sampling for different spatial resolutions. In addition, this method uses deterministic acquisition, rather than the randomized sampling used in conventional compressed sensing. This so-called ‘Russian Dolls’ ordering also benefits from minimal computational overhead for image reconstruction. We find that this compressive approach performs as well as other compressive sensing techniques with greatly simplified post processing, resulting in significantly faster image reconstruction. Therefore, the proposed method may be useful for single-pixel imaging in the low resolution, high-frame rate regime, or video-rate acquisition.

Chronic stress refers to the non-specific systemic reaction that occurs when the body is stimulated by various internal and external negative factors over a long time. The physiological response to chronic stress exposure has long been recognized as a potent modulator in the occurrence of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, research has confirmed the correlation between atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. Chronic stress is pervasive during negative life events and may lead to the formation of plaque. Several epidemiological studies have shown that chronic stress is an independent risk factor for the development of vascular disease and for increased morbidity and mortality in patients with pre-existing coronary artery disease. One possible mechanism for this process is that chronic stress causes endothelial injury, directly activating macrophages, promoting foam cell formation and generating the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. This mechanism involves numerous variables, including inflammation, signal pathways, lipid metabolism and endothelial function. The mechanism of chronic stress in atherosclerosis should be further investigated to provide a theoretical basis for efforts to eliminate the effect of chronic stress on the cardiocerebral vascular system.

Background Health literacy has been concerned a key factor for determining the use of health information and promoting health. The study aimed to explore adolescent health literacy, health-promoting lifestyle profile, and health status and related factors. Methods A cross-sectional study design was used; 918 first year junior college students were recruited in Taiwan. The measurements were the Chinese Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS-C-Q), the Chinese Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP-S), and the Health Status Questionnaire. Results The mean score for health literacy was 36.15 (±6.21), with 30.17% of the participants having insufficient or problematic health literacy. Further, 19.9% of participants were obese and 11.2% experienced emotional instability. Health literacy and health-promoting lifestyle profile showed significant positive and negative correlations with perceived health status and depression, respectively ( p  < 0.05). An exercise frequency of ≥3 times/week was a predictor of health literacy, health-promoting lifestyle profile, and emotional stability. Conclusions Adolescent health literacy, health-promoting lifestyle profile, and health status require careful consideration. In adolescents, developing regular exercise may increase health literacy, thereby developing healthy lifestyle profiles and ameliorating obesity and depression-related issues.

Purpose of ReviewThis review was undertaken to analyze the main reasons behind the limited development of hospice care in China, and to put forward some suggestions.Recent FindingsAlthough the Chinese government has increased its support for hospice care in recent years, however, owing to the lack of education around hospice care and the heavy influence of the traditional Chinese Confucian concept of “filial piety,” many individuals resist hospice care. Moreover, due to impaired patient rights, inadequate composition of hospice care teams, unbalanced geographical distribution, and limited service range, the development of hospice care in China is hindered.SummaryHospice care education and continued training should be popularized and the government should strengthen the legal structure of the medical system to protect the rights of patients, families, and medical staff to promoting social support for hospice care. Through graded diagnosis and referral systems in medical institutions to integrate medical resources and expand the range of hospice care services.

Multivariate time series analysis and prediction are of great significance in traffic management, weather forecasting and other practical applications. However, most of the existing research focuses on using the traditional transformer model as the framework to predict short series or predict with time domain features, and the effect of removing noise interference with irregular frequency is not good. At the same time, because the model based on the transformer framework needs to adjust too many hyperparameters, improper parameter design in practical use will lead to model performance degradation, so we propose the WOA-WTConv-KANformer model. The model is optimized based on the itransformer time series prediction model. Before embedding the time nodes of each series into the variable token and input into the encoder layer, the WTConv2d model is used to process the data with wavelet frequency to extract the frequency domain and time domain features. So that the model can solve the non-stationarity problem of time series data caused by the frequency domain problem. In order to realize the effective training of the model, we also use the whale optimization algorithm to make the model reasonably adjust the hyperparameters before formal training. At the same time, the KAN module is used as the linear layer instead of MLP during the training and use of the model, so that the model can improve the performance of different prediction lengths. The number of training parameters is also reduced. Through five public prediction datasets, it is shown that our model can achieve performance improvement on different prediction lengths, and the training efficiency is also improved, which proves the potential of the model in the field of real-world time series prediction.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a rapid supraventricular arrhythmia. However, the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation remains controversial. We obtained transcriptome expression profiles GSE41177, GSE115574 and GSE79768 from GEO database. WGCNA was performed, DEGs were screened, PPI network was constructed using STRING database. CTD database was used to identify the reference score of hub genes associated with cardiovascular diseases. Prediction of miRNAs of hub genes was performed by TargetScan. DIANA‐miRPath v3.0 was applied to make functional annotation of miRNA. The animal model of atrial fibrillation was constructed, RT‐PCR was used to verify the expression of hub genes. Immunofluorescence assay for THBS2 and VCAN was made to identify molecular. Design of BP neural network was made to explore the prediction relationship of CXCR4 and TYROBP on AF. The merged datasets contained 104 up‐regulated and 34 down‐regulated genes. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis results of DEGs showed they were mainly enriched in ‘regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol’, ‘actin cytoskeleton organization’ and ‘focal adhesion’. The hub genes were CXCR4, SNAI2, S100A4, IGFBP3, CSNK2A1, CHGB, VCAN, APOE, C1QC and TYROBP, which were up‐regulated expression in the AF compared with control tissues. There was strong correlation among the CXCR4, TYROBP and AF based on the BP neural network. Through training, best training performance is 9.6474e‐05 at epoch 14, and the relativity was 0.99998. CXCR4 and TYROBP might be involved in the development of atrial fibrillation by affecting inflammation‐related signalling pathways and may serve as targets for early diagnosis and preventive treatment.

Background The continuously developing pesticide resistance is a great threat to agriculture and human health. Understanding the mechanisms of insecticide resistance is a key step in dealing with the phenomenon. Insect cuticle is recently documented to delay xenobiotic penetration which breaks the previous stereotype that cuticle is useless in insecticide resistance, while the underlying mechanism remains scarce. Results Here, we find the integument contributes over 40.0% to insecticide resistance via different insecticide delivery strategies in oriental fruit fly. A negative relationship exists between cuticle thickening and insecticide penetration in resistant/susceptible, also in field strains of oriental fruit fly which is a reason for integument-mediated resistance. Our investigations uncover a regulator of insecticide penetration that miR-994 mimic treatment causes cuticle thinning and increases susceptibility to malathion, whereas miR-994 inhibitor results in opposite phenotypes. The target of miR-994 is a most abundant cuticle protein (CPCFC) in resistant/susceptible integument expression profile, which possesses capability of chitin-binding and influences the cuticle thickness-mediated insecticide penetration. Our analyses find an upstream transcriptional regulatory signal of miR-994 cascade, long noncoding RNA ( lnc19419 ), that indirectly upregulates CPCFC in cuticle of the resistant strain by sponging miR-994. Thus, we elucidate the mechanism of cuticular competing endogenous RNAs for regulating insecticide penetration and demonstrate it also exists in field strain of oriental fruit fly. Conclusions We unveil a regulatory axis of lnc19419  ~ miR-994 ~  CPCFC on the cuticle thickness that leads to insecticide penetration resistance. These findings indicate that competing endogenous RNAs regulate insecticide resistance by modulating the cuticle thickness and provide insight into the resistance mechanism in insects.

Background This study aimed to analyze the pathogenic characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in a children’s hospital before and after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and to provide testimony for preventing CAP in the future. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed. The information was collected from the electronic medical record system of the hospital. A total of 2739 children were included from February 1, 2019, to January 31, 2021. Results Among these 2739 patients were 1507 (55.02%) males and 1232 (44.98%) females; the median age was 3.84 years. There were 2364 cases during the pre-COVID-19 period and 375 cases during the post-COVID-19 period. The number of hospitalized children after the pandemic was 84.14% lower. The median age after the onset was 1.5 years younger than that before the onset (4.08 years old) ( Z  = − 7.885, P  < 0.001). After the pandemic, the proportion of CAP in school-age children and Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) and influenza virus pneumonia (IVP) decreased significantly. During the pre-COVID-19 period, the proportions of detected pathogens were as follows: MP (59.56%) > bacteria (50.42%) > viruses (29.57%) > fungi (3.43%). During the post-COVID-19 period, the pathogen proportions were bacteria (56.53%) > viruses (53.60%) > MP (23.47%) > fungi (3.73%). Conclusions There was a significant decrease in the number of children with CAP hospitalized after the pandemic, especially among school-age children, and the pathogen proportions of CAP with MP and IV were significantly decreased. We inferred that CAP was effectively prevented in school-age children because of the strong mitigation measures.