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Lithium metal has been regarded as the future anode material for high-energy-density rechargeable batteries due to its favorable combination of negative electrochemical potential and high theoretical capacity. However, uncontrolled lithium deposition during lithium plating/stripping results in low Coulombic efficiency and severe safety hazards. Herein, we report that nanodiamonds work as an electrolyte additive to co-deposit with lithium ions and produce dendrite-free lithium deposits. First-principles calculations indicate that lithium prefers to adsorb onto nanodiamond surfaces with a low diffusion energy barrier, leading to uniformly deposited lithium arrays. The uniform lithium deposition morphology renders enhanced electrochemical cycling performance. The nanodiamond-modified electrolyte can lead to a stable cycling of lithium | lithium symmetrical cells up to 150 and 200 h at 2.0 and 1.0 mA cm –2 , respectively. The nanodiamond co-deposition can significantly alter the lithium plating behavior, affording a promising route to suppress lithium dendrite growth in lithium metal-based batteries. Lithium metal is an ideal anode material for rechargeable batteries but suffer from the growth of lithium dendrites and low Coulombic efficiency. Here the authors show that nanodiamonds serve as an electrolyte additive to co-deposit with lithium metal and suppress the formation of dendrites.

The scalable and sustainable manufacture of thick electrode films with high energy and power densities is critical for the large-scale storage of electrochemical energy for application in transportation and stationary electric grids. Two-dimensional nanomaterials have become the predominant choice of electrode material in the pursuit of high energy and power densities owing to their large surface-area-to-volume ratios and lack of solid-state diffusion 1 , 2 . However, traditional electrode fabrication methods often lead to restacking of two-dimensional nanomaterials, which limits ion transport in thick films and results in systems in which the electrochemical performance is highly dependent on the thickness of the film 1 – 4 . Strategies for facilitating ion transport—such as increasing the interlayer spacing by intercalation 5 – 8 or introducing film porosity by designing nanoarchitectures 9 , 10 —result in materials with low volumetric energy storage as well as complex and lengthy ion transport paths that impede performance at high charge–discharge rates. Vertical alignment of two-dimensional flakes enables directional ion transport that can lead to thickness-independent electrochemical performances in thick films 11 – 13 . However, so far only limited success 11 , 12 has been reported, and the mitigation of performance losses remains a major challenge when working with films of two-dimensional nanomaterials with thicknesses that are near to or exceed the industrial standard of 100 micrometres. Here we demonstrate electrochemical energy storage that is independent of film thickness for vertically aligned two-dimensional titanium carbide (Ti 3 C 2 T x ), a material from the MXene family (two-dimensional carbides and nitrides of transition metals (M), where X stands for carbon or nitrogen). The vertical alignment was achieved by mechanical shearing of a discotic lamellar liquid-crystal phase of Ti 3 C 2 T x . The resulting electrode films show excellent performance that is nearly independent of film thickness up to 200 micrometres, which makes them highly attractive for energy storage applications. Furthermore, the self-assembly approach presented here is scalable and can be extended to other systems that involve directional transport, such as catalysis and filtration. Electrode films prepared from a liquid-crystal phase of vertically aligned two-dimensional titanium carbide show electrochemical energy storage that is nearly independent of film thickness.

MXenes, a new family of 2D materials, combine hydrophilic surfaces with metallic conductivity. Delamination of MXene produces single-layer nanosheets with thickness of about a nanometer and lateral size of the order of micrometers. The high aspect ratio of delaminated MXene renders it promising nanofiller in multifunctional polymer nanocomposites. Herein, Ti ₃C ₂T ₓ MXene was mixed with either a charged polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDDA) or an electrically neutral polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to produce Ti ₃C ₂T ₓ/polymer composites. The as-fabricated composites are flexible and have electrical conductivities as high as 2.2 × 10 ⁴ S/m in the case of the Ti ₃C ₂T ₓ/PVA composite film and 2.4 × 10 ⁵ S/m for pure Ti ₃C ₂T ₓ films. The tensile strength of the Ti ₃C ₂T ₓ/PVA composites was significantly enhanced compared with pure Ti ₃C ₂T ₓ or PVA films. The intercalation and confinement of the polymer between the MXene flakes not only increased flexibility but also enhanced cationic intercalation, offering an impressive volumetric capacitance of ∼530 F/cm ³ for MXene/PVA-KOH composite film at 2 mV/s. To our knowledge, this study is a first, but crucial, step in exploring the potential of using MXenes in polymer-based multifunctional nanocomposites for a host of applications, such as structural components, energy storage devices, wearable electronics, electrochemical actuators, and radiofrequency shielding, to name a few. Significance Two-dimensional transition metal carbides (MXenes) offer a quite unique combination of excellent mechanical properties, hydrophilic surfaces, and metallic conductivity. In this first report (to our knowledge) on MXene composites of any kind, we show that adding polymer binders/spacers between atomically thin MXenes layers or reinforcing polymers with MXenes results in composite films that have excellent flexibility, good tensile and compressive strengths, and electrical conductivity that can be adjusted over a wide range. The volumetric capacitances of freestanding Ti ₃C ₂T ₓ MXene and its composite films exceed all previously published results. Owing to their mechanical strength and impressive capacitive performance, these films have the potential to be used for structural energy storage devices, electrochemical actuators, radiofrequency shielding, among other applications.

Two-dimensional titanium carbide has been produced by etching out aluminium in a lithium fluoride and hydrochloric acid mixture; it is hydrophilic and mouldable like clay and has excellent volumetric capacitance and cyclability, properties that are desirable for portable electronics. Shape-shifting energy storage A class of electrochemically active two-dimensional materials known as 'MXenes' has recently shown potential for energy-storage applications. Michael Ghidiu et al . now report a new method for producing these materials that has the advantage of using safer processing conditions.This yields a water-swelling material that can be shaped like clay to produce electrodes with volumetric capacitances that are significantly improved over their predecessors. Safe and powerful energy storage devices are becoming increasingly important. Charging times of seconds to minutes, with power densities exceeding those of batteries, can in principle be provided by electrochemical capacitors—in particular, pseudocapacitors 1 , 2 . Recent research has focused mainly on improving the gravimetric performance of the electrodes of such systems, but for portable electronics and vehicles volume is at a premium 3 . The best volumetric capacitances of carbon-based electrodes are around 300 farads per cubic centimetre 4 , 5 ; hydrated ruthenium oxide can reach capacitances of 1,000 to 1,500 farads per cubic centimetre with great cyclability, but only in thin films 6 . Recently, electrodes made of two-dimensional titanium carbide (Ti 3 C 2 , a member of the ‘MXene’ family), produced by etching aluminium from titanium aluminium carbide (Ti 3 AlC 2 , a ‘MAX’ phase) in concentrated hydrofluoric acid, have been shown to have volumetric capacitances of over 300 farads per cubic centimetre 7 , 8 . Here we report a method of producing this material using a solution of lithium fluoride and hydrochloric acid. The resulting hydrophilic material swells in volume when hydrated, and can be shaped like clay and dried into a highly conductive solid or rolled into films tens of micrometres thick. Additive-free films of this titanium carbide ‘clay’ have volumetric capacitances of up to 900 farads per cubic centimetre, with excellent cyclability and rate performances. This capacitance is almost twice that of our previous report 8 , and our synthetic method also offers a much faster route to film production as well as the avoidance of handling hazardous concentrated hydrofluoric acid.

This paper reviews studies from the past 30 years that use operations research methods to tackle containership routing and scheduling problems at the strategic, tactical, and operational planning levels. These problems are first classified and summarized, with a focus on model formulations, assumptions, and algorithm design. The paper then gives an overview of studies on containership fleet size and mix, alliance strategy, and network design (at the strategic level); frequency determination, fleet deployment, speed optimization, and schedule design (at the tactical level); and container booking and routing and ship rescheduling (at the operational level). The paper further elaborates on the needs of the liner container shipping industry and notes the gap between existing academic studies and industrial practices. Research on containership routing and scheduling lags behind practice, especially in the face of the fast growth of the container shipping industry and the advancement of operations research and computer technology. The purpose of this paper is to stimulate more practically relevant research in this emerging area.

The use of fast surface redox storage (pseudocapacitive) mechanisms can enable devices that store much more energy than electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) and, unlike batteries, can do so quite rapidly. Yet, few pseudocapacitive transition metal oxides can provide a high power capability due to their low intrinsic electronic and ionic conductivity. Here we demonstrate that two-dimensional transition metal carbides (MXenes) can operate at rates exceeding those of conventional EDLCs, but still provide higher volumetric and areal capacitance than carbon, electrically conducting polymers or transition metal oxides. We applied two distinct designs for MXene electrode architectures with improved ion accessibility to redox-active sites. A macroporous Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene film delivered up to 210 F g −1 at scan rates of 10 V s −1 , surpassing the best carbon supercapacitors known. In contrast, we show that MXene hydrogels are able to deliver volumetric capacitance of ∼1,500 F cm −3 reaching the previously unmatched volumetric performance of RuO 2 . Pseudocapacitors based on redox-active materials have relatively high energy density but suffer from low power capability. Here the authors report that two-dimensional transition metal carbides exhibit high gravimetric, volumetric and areal capacitance values at high charge/discharge rates.

Preventing the stacking of graphene is essential to exploiting its full potential in energy-storage applications. The introduction of spacers into graphene layers always results in a change in the intrinsic properties of graphene and/or induces complexity at the interfaces. Here we show the synthesis of an intrinsically unstacked double-layer templated graphene via template-directed chemical vapour deposition. The as-obtained graphene is composed of two unstacked graphene layers separated by a large amount of mesosized protuberances and can be used for high-power lithium–sulphur batteries with excellent high-rate performance. Even after 1,000 cycles, high reversible capacities of ca . 530 mA h g −1 and 380 mA h g −1 are retained at 5 C and 10 C, respectively. This type of double-layer graphene is expected to be an important platform that will enable the investigation of stabilized three-dimensional topological porous systems and demonstrate the potential of unstacked graphene materials for advanced energy storage, environmental protection, nanocomposite and healthcare applications. Graphene is often used as parts of electrodes in batteries and stacking of graphene layers is problematic. Here, Zhao et al. synthesize graphene on mesoporous layered double oxide flakes so that the stacking is effectively prevented, and show high-rate performance when used in Li–S batteries.

Objective This randomized controlled trial conducted a comparative analysis of postoperative outcomes between a modified anteromedial incision with saphenous nerve protection and the traditional medial parapatellar approach in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We aimed to test the hypothesis that the nerve-sparing modified technique would significantly reduce postoperative anterior knee numbness and pain while maintaining surgical feasibility. Methods Sixty-eight TKA candidates (January 2022-June 2023) were prospectively randomized into two groups: Modified ( n  = 34) and Traditional ( n  = 34) approaches. The modified technique featured an anteromedial incision with infrapatellar branch visualization and preservation, whereas the control group received the traditional medial parapatellar exposure. Primary outcomes included numbness area and the Visual Analog Scale score; secondary outcomes encompassed surgical parameters (duration, blood loss) and functional recovery (Hospital for Special Surgery Knee score). Results Thirty one patients were randomized to the M group and 29 patients allocated to the T group. Compared to the T group, the M group demonstrated significantly lower VAS scores at 3 days, 7 days, and 2 weeks postoperatively, with statistical significance ( P  < 0.05). The M group showed a statistically significant reduction in the area of numbness compared to the T group at all postoperative follow-up intervals: 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year ( P  < 0.05 for all time points). However, postoperative HSS scores did not differ significantly between the M group and the T group at any follow-up interval ( P  > 0.05). Conclusion The nerve-preserving modified approach achieved superior patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in reducing anterior knee numbness and early postoperative pain without compromising prosthesis implantation accuracy or functional recovery trajectories, suggesting its potential as a standardized refinement in TKA surgical protocols. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR2500107220, 6 August 2025, retrospectively registered.

Recent research underscores a potential correlation between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and frailty, suggesting a shared genetic foundation. However, specific genetic factors and mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. This study aimed to explore genetic connections between COPD and frailty using genome-wide association studies to enhance our understanding and improve clinical management and prevention strategies for these conditions. We utilised summary statistics for genome-wide association studies to examine the genetic correlations between COPD and frailty using linkage disequilibrium score regression. Local genetic correlations were evaluated using the ρ-heritability estimates from summary statistics method. Using the established two-sample Mendelian randomization approach, causal relationships have been identified. Shared genetic variants were quantified using a bivariate causal mixture model. Shared loci and single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified by conjoint false discovery rate (conjFDR). Gene enrichment and transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) were conducted to explore potential transcriptomic associations across tissues. We observed a significant genetic correlation between COPD and frailty (Rg =  0.4324, P =  6.09 ×  10 - 26). MiXeR estimated 3,200-shared causal variants. Additionally, we discovered 16 shared loci linked to 91 genes, offering novel insights into gene expression across diverse tissues. The TWAS revealed 25 shared genes, representing a significant advance in understanding the genetic overlap between COPD and frailty. Furthermore, out of the 25 SNPs identified through TWAS, 4 overlapped with the lead SNPs, specifically [HLA-DRB1, PBX3, SLC22A5/OCTN2, SLMAP]. Our study shows a common genetic foundation for COPD and frailty, identifying multiple shared loci and offering insights into their underlying causal connections. These findings enhance our understanding of the biological mechanisms linking these conditions and may guide future research and treatment strategies for related diseases.

Cisplatin-based induction chemotherapy plus concurrent chemoradiotherapy in the treatment of patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma has been recommended in the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Guidelines. However, cisplatin is associated with poor patient compliance and has notable side-effects. Lobaplatin, a third-generation platinum drug, has shown promising antitumour activity against several malignancies with less toxicity. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of lobaplatin-based induction chemotherapy plus concurrent chemoradiotherapy over a cisplatin-based regimen in patients with locoregional, advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In this open-label, non-inferiority, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial done at five hospitals in China, patients aged 18–60 years with previously untreated, non-keratinising stage III–IVB nasopharyngeal carcinoma; Karnofsky performance-status score of at least 70; and adequate haematological, renal, and hepatic function were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive intravenously either lobaplatin-based (lobaplatin 30 mg/m2 on days 1 and 22, and fluorouracil 800 mg/m2 on days 1–5 and 22–26 for two cycles) or cisplatin-based (cisplatin 100 mg/m2 on days 1 and 22, and fluorouracil 800 mg/m2 on days 1–5 and 22–26 for two cycles) induction chemotherapy, followed by concurrent lobaplatin-based (two cycles of intravenous lobaplatin 30 mg/m2 every 3 weeks plus intensity-modulated radiotherapy) or cisplatin-based (two cycles of intravenous cisplatin 100 mg/m2 every 3 weeks plus intensity-modulated radiotherapy) chemoradiotherapy. Total radiation doses of 68–70 Gy (for the sum of the volumes of the primary tumour and enlarged retropharyngeal nodes), 62–68 Gy (for the volume of clinically involved gross cervical lymph nodes), 60 Gy (for the high-risk target volume), and 54 Gy (for the low-risk target volume), were administered in 30–32 fractions, 5 days per week. Randomisation was done centrally at the clinical trial centre of Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre by means of computer-generated random number allocation with a block design (block size of four) stratified according to disease stage and treatment centre. Treatment assignment was known to both clinicians and patients. The primary endpoint was 5-year progression-free survival, analysed in both the intention-to-treat and per-protocol populations. If the upper limit of the 95% CI for the difference in 5-year progression-free survival between the lobaplatin-based and cisplatin-based groups did not exceed 10%, non-inferiority was met. Adverse events were analysed in all patients who received at least one cycle of induction chemotherapy. This trial is registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR-TRC-13003285 and is closed. From June 7, 2013, to June 16, 2015, 515 patients were assessed for eligibility and 502 patients were enrolled: 252 were randomly assigned to the lobaplatin-based group and 250 to the cisplatin-based group. After a median follow-up of 75·3 months (IQR 69·9–81·1) in the intention-to-treat population, 5-year progression-free survival was 75·0% (95% CI 69·7–80·3) in the lobaplatin-based group and 75·5% (70·0 to 81·0) in the cisplatin-based group (hazard ratio [HR] 0·98, 95% CI 0·69–1·39; log-rank p=0·92), with a difference of 0·5% (95% CI −7·1 to 8·1; pnon-inferiority=0·0070). In the per-protocol population, the 5-year progression-free survival was 74·8% (95% CI 69·3 to 80·3) in the lobaplatin-based group and 76·4% (70·9 to 81·9) in the cisplatin-based group (HR 1·04, 95% CI 0·73 to 1·49; log-rank p=0·83), with a difference of 1·6% (−6·1 to 9·3; pnon-inferiority=0·016). 63 (25%) of 252 patients in the lobaplatin-based group and 63 (25%) of 250 patients in the cisplatin-based group had a progression-free survival event in the intention-to-treat population; 62 (25%) of 246 patients in the lobaplatin-based group and 58 (25%) of 237 patients in the cisplatin-based group had a progression-free survival event in the per-protocol population. The most common grade 3–4 adverse events were mucositis (102 [41%] of 252 in the lobaplatin-based group vs 99 [40%] of 249 in the cisplatin-based group), leucopenia (39 [16%] vs 56 [23%]), and neutropenia (25 [10%] vs 59 [24%]). No treatment-related deaths were reported. Lobaplatin-based induction chemotherapy plus concurrent chemoradiotherapy resulted in non-inferior survival and fewer toxic effects than cisplatin-based therapy. The results of our trial indicate that lobaplatin-based induction chemotherapy plus concurrent chemoradiotherapy might be a promising alternative regimen to cisplatin-based treatment in patients with locoregional, advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. National Science and Technology Pillar Program, International Cooperation Project of Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province, Planned Science and Technology Project of Guangdong Province, and Cultivation Foundation for the Junior Teachers at Sun Yat-sen University. For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.