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The plant-specific NAC transcription factor family has the largest number of members, they are involved in regulating the entire process of plant growth and development, and the responses to biotic and abiotic stressors. This article reviews the progress regarding the elucidation of the structure and function of the NAC transcription factor family and the regulatory mechanisms through which NAC transcription factors affect various processes in woody plants, including the formation of the secondary cell wall, seed development, flowering, and fruit ripening. Additionally, this article encompasses the current research status of NAC transcription factors in response to abiotic stressors, such as salt and drought, as well as biotic stressors, such as pathogens and pests in woody plants. Most of the research is still at the stages of gene cloning, structural identification, and functional analysis; the specific downstream target genes and their molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Future research should focus on exploring unknown functions and action mechanisms, to promote an understanding of the regulatory network of NAC transcription factors in woody plants, thereby providing a theoretical basis and gene resources for research on NAC transcription factors and the creation of new forest germplasm.

The evaporation and atmospheric oxidation of low-volatility organic vapours from mined oil sands material is shown to be responsible for a large amount of secondary organic aerosol mass—which affects air quality and climate change—observed during airborne measurements in Canada. Environmental impact of oil sands mining Oil production from oil sands has raised numerous environmental concerns, but the contribution of oil sand exploration to secondary organic aerosol formation, an important component of atmospheric particulate matter that affects air quality and climate, remains poorly understood. John Liggio et al . use data from airborne measurements over the Canadian oil sands, together with laboratory experiments and a box-model study, to determine the magnitude of secondary organic aerosol production from oil sand emissions. They find that the evaporation and atmospheric oxidation of low-volatility organic vapours from mined oil sands material is responsible for most of the observed secondary organic aerosol mass. The findings suggest that oil sands are one of the largest sources of anthropogenic secondary organic aerosols in North America. Worldwide heavy oil and bitumen deposits amount to 9 trillion barrels of oil distributed in over 280 basins around the world 1 , with Canada home to oil sands deposits of 1.7 trillion barrels 2 . The global development of this resource and the increase in oil production from oil sands has caused environmental concerns over the presence of toxic compounds in nearby ecosystems 3 , 4 and acid deposition 5 , 6 . The contribution of oil sands exploration to secondary organic aerosol formation, an important component of atmospheric particulate matter that affects air quality and climate 7 , remains poorly understood. Here we use data from airborne measurements over the Canadian oil sands, laboratory experiments and a box-model study to provide a quantitative assessment of the magnitude of secondary organic aerosol production from oil sands emissions. We find that the evaporation and atmospheric oxidation of low-volatility organic vapours from the mined oil sands material is directly responsible for the majority of the observed secondary organic aerosol mass. The resultant production rates of 45–84 tonnes per day make the oil sands one of the largest sources of anthropogenic secondary organic aerosols in North America. Heavy oil and bitumen account for over ten per cent of global oil production today 8 , and this figure continues to grow 9 . Our findings suggest that the production of the more viscous crude oils could be a large source of secondary organic aerosols in many production and refining regions worldwide, and that such production should be considered when assessing the environmental impacts of current and planned bitumen and heavy oil extraction projects globally.

Background Depression and anxiety are among the most prevalent mental disorders globally and represent major public health challenges. The impact of early-life famine exposure on mental health has increasingly drawn attention. However, research on the association between early-life famine exposure and the risk of depression and anxiety in adulthood, especially across different ethnic backgrounds, remains scarce in worldwide. Methods The study is based on the baseline data from the China Multi-Ethnic Cohort (CMEC), and includes 18,376 individuals who were born between 1939 and 1978 and experienced early life famine exposure. All participants underwent face-to-face interviews and physical examinations, and their anxiety and depression symptoms were assessed using the PHQ-2 and GAD-2 scales. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the association between early-life famine exposure and the risk of depression and anxiety in adulthood. Results The study revealed that exposure to famine during childhood (OR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.33–2.05, p  < 0.001) and adolescence (OR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.18–2.28, p  = 0.003) was associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms in adulthood, especially among females ( childhood OR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.47–2.39, p  < 0.001; adolescence OR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.36–2.81, p  < 0.001). In the Han ethnic group, childhood famine exposure (OR = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.44–2.56, p  < 0.001) was associated with a higher risk of depressive symptoms in later life. In the Yi ethnic group, fetal exposure to famine was associated with an increased risk of both depressive symptoms (OR = 2.33, 95% CI: 1.28–4.25, p  = 0.005) and anxiety symptoms in adulthood (OR = 1.99, 95% CI: 1.37–2.88, p  < 0.001), whereas no associations were observed in the Bai ethnic group. Regarding anxiety symptoms, males exposed to famine during childhood (OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.33–0.85, p  = 0.008) and adolescence (OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.13–0.78, p  = 0.013) had a lower risk of developing anxiety symptoms in adulthood. Among the Yi population, fetal famine exposure was associated with a higher risk of adult anxiety symptoms (OR = 1.99, 95% CI: 1.37–2.88, p  < 0.001). Conclusion Famine exposure during childhood and adolescence is associated with altered risks of mental health disorders in adulthood, with patterns varying across ethnic groups. Early-life nutritional deprivation may exert long-term effects on mental health, and these associations appear to differ by gender and ethnicity.

Background Kidney stones are widely prevalent throughout the world and impose a significant economic and medical burden on individuals and society. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between Life’s Essential 8 (LE8) score and kidney stones, to provide more precise interventions for the prevention of kidney stones. Methods This was a cross-sectional study that used baseline survey data from the Chinese Multi-Ethnic Cohort (CMEC) with 93,297 eligible participants. Participants’ LE8 score was measured according to the American Heart Association definition. Abdominal ultrasonography was used for the diagnosis of kidney stones. Logistics regression models and restricted cubic spline regression models were used to explore the association between LE8 and its subscale scores and the risk of kidney stones. Subgroup analyses were used to further explore the specific effects of increasing LE8 score on kidney stones in populations with different characteristics. Results In this study, a total of 6,327 subjects (6.78%) had kidney stones. Fully adjusted multifactorial logistic regression showed that CVH levels were significantly and negatively correlated with the risk of kidney stones (moderate CVH: OR  = 0.76, 95% CI : 0.70-0.82; high CVH: OR  = 0.62, 95% CI : 0.56-0.69). Restricted cubic spline regression analysis showed a linear inverse dose-response relationship between both LE8 and its subscale scores and the risk of kidney stones. In addition, subgroup analyses further showed that the negative association between LE8 score and kidney stones risk was more pronounced in males, frequent tea drinkers, and those with higher levels of education. Conclusions Higher LE8 and its subscale scores were associated with a lower risk of kidney stones. Adherence to a more optimal CVH will likely be a comprehensive preventive and management measure to reduce the severe disease burden of kidney stones.

Background Obesity has emerged as a major global public health issue, associated with increased rates of chronic disease and death. Previous studies have reported an association between spicy food intake and obesity. However, existing studies still have several limitations, including a shortage of detailed dietary surveys, insufficient accounts for the effects of different types of chili peppers and fatty acids on obesity, and the mechanisms through which spicy food consumption influences the gut microbiota and adipokines have not been sufficiently investigated. Methods A total of 950 adults, aged 30-79 years, were included from the China Multi-Ethnic Cohort (CMEC) study. Dietary intake data from the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and 24-h recall were collected. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to estimate the association between spicy food intake and obesity. Evaluate the impact of spicy foods on gut microbiota through 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. Results At the population level, we demonstrated that the intake of spicy food is a risk factor for obesity in Chinese Han population in cold regions of Yunnan Province ( OR  = 1.82, 95%CI : 1.11-2.99). At the animal level, we found that Capsaicin (CAP), a key active component of spicy foods, may not exert weight-loss effects when exposed to cold environments; instead, it appears to lipid accumulation and exacerbated disorders in gut microbiota dysbiosis and was modulated by leptin levels, both of which play critical roles in the development of obesity. Conclusions Spicy food intake is a risk factor for obesity in Chinese Han population in cold regions of Yunnan Province. This may lead to increased lipid accumulation and exacerbate disorders associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis, which are modulated by leptin levels. Both factors influence the development of obesity. Graphical Abstract

Background Health-related quality of life is a multi-dimensional concept that involves individual’s perceived physical and mental health, social relationships, and environment. Family members are the primary caregivers of people living with schizophrenia in China, the quality of life of caregiver of people living with schizophrenia is generally poorer, which may indirectly affect the quality of life of the people with schizophrenia. Methods We conducted a comprehensive survey on quality of life in caregivers of people living with schizophrenia based on the Schizophrenia-specific cohort in the Less-developed Multi-ethnic Region of Southwest China to validate the accessibility and effectiveness of the schizophrenia family care model at the family level, caregivers of people living with schizophrenia were selected as participants in Baoshan City, Yunnan Province from September 2022 to March 2023, quality of life, family burden of disease, sociodemographic and behavioral information of participants were collected. Results Domain scores for physical, psychological, social relationships, and environment of quality of life were 13.50 ± 2.61, 12.67 ± 2.40, 13.64 ± 2.32, and 12.46 ± 1.76 respectively. In our study, we found that gender, age, education level, personal monthly income, history of smoking and alcohol consumption, subjective sleep quality, relation to the patient, degree of self-care and the number of relapses in patient all influence 1 to 4 domains of quality of life for caregivers, stratified analysis was conducted to minimize the effect of gender on the results, we still found that history of smoking could positively predict the score of psychological domain and history of alcohol consumption could positively predict the score of social relationships domain. Canonical correlation analysis showed that the ‘impact on family interaction’ in family burden of disease was most closely related to quality of life. Conclusion Building harmonious family relationships can help improve the quality of life for caregivers of People living with schizophrenia.

As a representative of the fourth‐generation light sources, the High Energy Photon Source (HEPS) in Beijing, China, utilizes a multi‐bend achromat lattice to obtain an approximately 100 times emittance reduction compared with third‐generation light sources. New technologies bring new challenges to operate the storage ring. In order to meet the beam commissioning requirements of HEPS, a new framework for the development of high‐level applications (HLAs) has been created. The key part of the new framework is a dual‐layer physical module to facilitate the seamless fusion of physical simulation models with the real machine, allowing for fast switching between different simulation models to accommodate the various simulation scenarios. As a framework designed for development of physical applications, all variables are based on physical quantities. This allows physicists to analytically assess measurement parameters and optimize machine parameters in a more intuitive manner. To enhance both extensibility and adaptability, a modular design strategy is utilized, partitioning the entire framework into discrete modules in alignment with the requirements of HLA development. This strategy not only facilitates the independent development of each module but also minimizes inter‐module coupling, thereby simplifying the maintenance and expansion of the entire framework. To simplify the development complexity, the design of the new framework is implemented using Python and is called Python‐based Accelerator Physics Application Set (Pyapas). Taking advantage of Python's flexibility and robust library support, we are able to develop and iterate quickly, while also allowing for seamless integration with other scientific computing applications. HLAs for both the HEPS linac and booster have been successfully developed. During the beam commissioning process at the linac, Pyapas's ease of use and reliability have significantly reduced the time required for the beam commissioning operators. As a development framework for HLA designed for the new‐generation light sources, Pyapas has the versatility to be employed with HEPS, as well as with other comparable light sources, due to its adaptability. The development of Pyapas, a new framework for high‐level applications at the High Energy Photon Source, Beijing, China, is discussed. Pyapas enables the easy integration of simulation models with real machine operations, simplifies development complexity, and has been shown to effectively reduce time for beam commissioning.

Abstract Context Loss of sleep or disturbance of sleep-wake cycles has been related to metabolic impairments. However, few studies have investigated the association between daily sleep duration and hyperuricemia. Objective We investigated daily sleep duration (daytime napping and nocturnal sleep) with hyperuricemia risk. Methods We cross-sectionally analyzed data from the China Multi-Ethnic Cohort (CMEC), Yunnan region. A total of 22 038 participants aged 30 to 79 years were recruited in 2018. Hyperuricemia was defined as serum uric acid (SUA) above 7.0 mg/dL in men and above 6.0 mg/dL in women. Outcomes were associations between daily sleep duration and hyperuricemia. Results We found that the longest daytime napping duration was associated with a higher risk of hyperuricemia in the crude model (odds ratio [OR] [95% CI], 2.22 [1.88-2.61], P < .001) and in a multivariable adjustment model (OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.41-2.01, P < .001) after adjusting for demographic, sleep habits, and metabolic risk factors. The association was moderately attenuated with additionally adjusted for serum creatinine (OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.28-1.86, P < .001). Longer daytime napping duration was also related to higher risk of hyperuricemia combined with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Respondents in the group with daytime napping duration greater than or equal to 90 minutes presented with a higher risk of hyperuricemia combined with MetS (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.06-1.79; P < .001) in the fully adjusted model. We did not observe any relation between nocturnal sleep duration and risk of hyperuricemia in the study. Conclusion Longer daytime napping duration (but not nocturnal sleep duration) was independently associated with risk of hyperuricemia in a Chinese population.