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This study addresses the standardization of Singular Distributed Parameter Systems (SDPSs). It focuses on classifying and simplifying first- and second-order linear SDPSs using characteristic matrix theory. First, the study classifies first-order linear SDPSs into three canonical forms based on characteristic curve theory, with an example illustrating the standardization process for parabolic SDPSs. Second, under regular conditions, first-order SDPSs can be decomposed into fast and slow subsystems, where the fast subsystem reduces to an Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) system, while the slow subsystem retains the spatiotemporal characteristics of the original system. Third, the standardization and classification of second-order SDPSs is proposed using three reversible transformations that achieve structural equivalence. Finally, an illustrative example of a building temperature control is built with SDPSs. The simulation results show the importance of system standardization in real-world applications. This research provides a theoretical foundation for SDPS standardization and offers insights into the practical implementation of distributed temperature systems.

Single-image plane segmentation plays an important role in understanding 3D indoor scenes, including applications such as 3D indoor reconstruction. In recent years, PlaneTR, a transformer-based architecture, has achieved remarkable performance in single-image plane instance segmentation. It has garnered significant attention from researchers and remains one of the most advanced algorithms in this field. However, PlaneTR has the following two major limitations: its ineffective utilization of line segment information within images and the high number of parameters. In this study, we propose an improved version of PlaneTR, named Spatial Prompt Learning PlaneTR (SPL-PlaneTR), to address these issues. Our approach effectively balances model complexity and performance. Specifically, to more effectively leverage structural information provided by line segments, we replace the original line segment’s transformer branch with a lightweight line segment prompt module and line segment prompt adapter. Additionally, we introduce spatial queries to replace conventional position queries, enabling the network to accurately localize planes across diverse indoor scenes. The experimental results demonstrate that our model, with fewer parameters, outperforms PlaneTR on both the original and noise-corrupted ScanNet datasets. Furthermore, SPL-PlaneTR achieves superior zero-shot transfer performance on the Matterport3D, ICL-NUIM RGB-D, and 2D-3D-S datasets compared to PlaneTR. Notably, our lightweight SPL-PlaneTR also surpasses several state-of-the-art algorithms in this domain. Our code and model have been publicly available.

SummaryColorectal cancer (CRC) is the most frequently encountered malignancy associated with the rectum or colon, and accumulating evidences have implicated intestinal dysbacteriosis (IDB, disruption of gut microbiome) and exosomes in the pathology of CRC. We aimed to investigate the effect of IDB on exosome secretion in a CRC xenograft mouse model. An IDB mouse model was established and was inoculated with the CRC cell line SW480 as a xenograft tumor. Tumor growth was monitored for 15 days in sham and IDB mice, after which blood was collected to assess serum exosome secretion. A novel exosome secretion inhibitor, neticonazole, was administered to IDB mice bearing CRC xenograft tumors, followed by monitoring of tumor growth and mouse survival. Western blot analysis was performed in xenograft tumors to investigate the underlying molecular mechanism. IDB promoted CRC xenograft tumor growth and exosome secretion, which could be inhibited by the exosome secretion inhibitor neticonazole. Moreover, neticonazole treatment significantly improved the survival of IDB mice with CRC xenograft tumors, likely through increasing apoptosis of CRC xenograft tumor cells. The exosome secretion inhibitor neticonazole may serve as a promising therapeutic candidate against CRC by suppressing IDB-induced CRC tumorigenesis.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1609989.].

The objective of this study was to develop a low-cost method for rice growth information obtained quickly using digital images taken with smartphone. A new canopy parameter, namely, the canopy volume parameter (CVP), was proposed and developed for rice using the leaf area index (LAI) and plant height (PH). Among these parameters, the CVP was selected as an optimal parameter to characterize rice yields during the growth period. Rice canopy images were acquired with a smartphone. Image feature parameters were extracted, including the canopy cover (CC) and numerous vegetation indices (VIs), before and after image segmentation. A rice CVP prediction model in which the CC and VIs served as independent variables was established using a random forest (RF) regression algorithm. The results revealed the following. The CVP was better than the LAI and PH for predicting the final yield. And a CVP prediction model constructed according to a local modelling method for distinguishing different types of rice varieties was the most accurate (coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.92; root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.44). These findings indicate that digital images can be used to track the growth of crops over time and provide technical support for estimating rice yields.

Brucellosis is one of the most common zoonotic diseases caused by Brucella spp . However, there is currently no Brucella vaccine available for humans. Although some attenuated live vaccines have been approved for animals, their protective efficacy is suboptimal. In previous studies, we utilized an epitope- and structure-based vaccinology platform to identify the immunodominant epitopes of Brucella antigens OMP19, OMP16, OMP25, and L7/L12, and constructed the multi-epitope vaccine MEV-Fc against Brucella . In this study, OMP19, OMP16, OMP25, and L7/L12, and MEV-Fc was expressed and purified via an Escherichia coli expression system, which validated that MEV-Fc possesses high immunological efficacy and exerts a significant protective effect in BALB/c mice within the Brucella infection model. MEV-Fc enhanced Th1 and Th2 immune responses and strongly induced the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ. Furthermore, MEV-Fc protected mice against Brucella infection compared to control group (PBS). In conclusion, our results provide new insights and data support for the development of human Brucella vaccines.

The pathophysiology of ischemic stroke is not fully elucidated. Upregulation of FKBP5 in brain ischemia/reperfusion injury has been found to be associated with the severity of ischemic and reperfusion damage. However, its specific role in ischemic stroke progression remains unclear. A total of 40 ischemic stroke patients and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy donors (HDs) were enrolled in this work to evaluate the expression of FKBP5, the formation of neutrophil extracellular trap (NET), and the correlation between NET and stroke. Moreover, transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) mouse model with 60 min occlusion (n = 15/group) was treated with CI-amidine to demonstrate the effect of NET on the stroke-related brain injury. Primary neurons were isolated from mouse brain tissue to evaluated the effect of NET on neuronal apoptosis through flow cytometry the TUNEL assays. In addition, BV2 microglial cells were transfected with FKBP5 overexpression and knockdown vectors. The microglial cells polarization, neutrophil NETs formation, and the underlying molecular action mechanism were measured. For specific methods: detected the levels of H3cit, MPO-DNA, IL-1β, IL-10, TNFα, and iNOS by ELISA; Pathological staining was viewed for the neuronal morphological changes; flow cytometry and TUNEL staining were viewed for the neuronal cell apoptosis; detected the protein levels of FKBP5, CD206, CCL5, and MAPK pathway by western blot. In this study, we observed significant upregulation of FKBP5 in ischemic stroke patients, which was associated with increased expression of NET markers, such as H3cit and MPO-DNA complexes. This upregulation correlated with stroke severity and outcomes. In a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) mouse model, treatment with the NET inhibitor CI-amidine significantly reduced brain injury, infarct size, and NET marker levels, suggesting therapeutic potential in targeting NETs. We further found that FKBP5 modulates microglial polarization towards a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype and promotes NET formation. FKBP5 interacts with CCL5, enhancing MAPK pathway activation and increasing pro-inflammatory cytokine production, including TNF-α and IL-1β. Intervention with the MAPK pathway inhibitor AZD6244 effectively inhibited these effects. The current findings suggest that FKBP5 might modulate CCL5-mediate p38 MAPK signaling and NET formation, thereby contributing to post-stroke neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis. Further prospective research is needed to verify the potential of FKBP5 as therapeutic targets for ischemic stroke treatment.

Exosomes, membrane vesicles released extracellularly from cells, contain nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and other components, allowing the transfer of material information between cells. Recent studies reported the role of exosomes in pathogenic microbial infection and host immune mechanisms. Brucella‐invasive bodies can survive in host cells for a long time and cause chronic infection, which causes tissue damage. Whether exosomes are involved in host anti‐Brucella congenital immune responses has not been reported. Here, we extracted and identified exosomes secreted by Brucella melitensis M5 (Exo‐M5)‐infected macrophages, and performed in vivo and in vitro studies to examine the effects of exosomes carrying antigen on the polarization of macrophages and immune activation. Exo‐M5 promoted the polarization of M1 macrophages, which induced the significant secretion of M1 cytokines (tumour necrosis factor‐α and interferon‐γ) through NF‐κB signalling pathways and inhibited the secretion of M2 cytokines (IL‐10), thereby inhibiting the intracellular survival of Brucella. Exo‐M5 activated innate immunity and promoted the release of IgG2a antibodies that protected mice from Brucella infection and reduced the parasitaemia of Brucella in the spleen. Furthermore, Exo‐M5 contained Brucella antigen components, including Omp31 and OmpA. These results demonstrated that exosomes have an important role in immune responses against Brucella, which might help elucidate the mechanisms of host immunity against Brucella infection and aid the search for Brucella biomarkers and the development of new vaccine candidates. Exosomes have an important role in immune responses against Brucella, which might help elucidate the mechanisms of host immunity against Brucella infection, and aid the search for Brucella biomarkers and the development of new vaccine candidates.

‘Huizao’ is a leading jujube ( Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) variety valued for its high-quality dry fruit. Using PacBio HiFi long reads and Hi-C data, we generated a high-quality, chromosome-level, haplotype-resolved genome assembly for this cultivar, with genome sizes of 371.22 Mb and 385.42 Mb for the two haplotypes, and corresponding N50 values of 30.69 Mb and 31.26 Mb. Over 99.9% of the assembled sequences were anchored to 12 chromosomes. Genome annotation identified 32,065 protein-coding genes in Hap1 and 33,004 in Hap2, with 29,874 allelic gene pairs supported by collinearity and sequence similarity. Comparative analyses revealed extensive structural variants and allelic differences between the two haplotypes. This high-quality assembly addresses a critical gap in genomic resources for the ‘Huizao’ cultivar and provides a valuable foundation for allele-aware analyses, molecular breeding, and genetic diversity research in jujube.

The number of tillers in rice significantly affects final yield, making it a key trait for breeding and nitrogen-efficient cultivation. By investigating agronomic characteristics, we analyzed phenotypic differences between the wild-type P47-1 and the mutant p47dt1, performing genetic analysis and gene mapping through population construction and BSA sequencing. The p47dt1 mutant, exhibiting dwarfism and multiple tillering, is controlled by a single gene, P47DT1, which is tightly linked to D10. A single base mutation (T to G) on chromosome 1 alters methionine to arginine, supporting D10 as the candidate gene for p47dt1. To investigate nitrogen response in tillering, KY131 (nitrogen-inefficient) and KY131OsTCP19-H (nitrogen-efficient) materials differing in TCP19 expression levels were analyzed. Promoter analysis of D10 identified TCP19 as a nitrogen-responsive transcription factor, suggesting D10’s potential role in a TCP19-mediated nitrogen response pathway. Further analysis of P47-1, p47dt1, KY131, and KY131OsTCP19-H under different nitrogen concentrations revealed p47dt1’s distinct tiller response to nitrogen, altered nitrogen content in stems and leaves, and changes in TCP19 expression. Additionally, D10 and TCP19 expression levels were lower in KY131OsTCP19-H than KY131 under identical conditions. In summary, P47DT1/D10 appears to modulate nitrogen response and distribution in rice, affecting tiller response, possibly under TCP19’s regulatory influence.