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IntroductionDysphagia, or difficulty in swallowing, significantly impacts the quality of life of the affected individuals. Diagnostic approaches, including video fluoroscopic swallowing studies and flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing, are the most commonly used methods for assessing swallowing function. Recent advancements have led to the development of artificial intelligence (AI), including machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), which will provide innovative approaches to dysphagia diagnosis and treatment planning. There is a limited synthesis of literature on AI tools in dysphagia. There is an urgent need for a more rigorous and structured scoping review that can address the existing gaps, provide a more comprehensive evidence synthesis, and establish clearer guidelines for the clinical implementation of AI in assessments and management of dysphagia. This review will include studies focusing on AI tools such as ML, DL and computer vision for assessing and managing dysphagia. The context will be clinical or therapeutic settings, and all language articles will be considered for the review. Studies not involving AI technologies, those without clinical outcomes and ethical approval, and those focusing solely on the paediatric population will be excluded. This scoping review will systematically map and synthesise the existing literature on the use of AI tools for the assessment and management of dysphagia.Methods and analysisThis scoping review will follow JBI methodology and PRISMA ScR guidelines. Information to be searched from January 2000 to May 2025 will include MEDLINE (via Ovid), Scopus, CINAHL (via EBSCOhost), Cochrane Library, JBI Evidence Synthesis, ProQuest and Google Scholar. The titles, abstracts and full texts will be screened by two independent reviewers. Data extraction will use a study-specific customised form, with descriptive analysis employed to categorise studies by AI tools and outcomes.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not mandatory for this scoping review as it does not entail the collection of any individual patient data. Secondary data from publicly accessible research papers will be used. All the data sources will be appropriately cited. The findings will be propagated through peer-reviewed publications and scientific presentations.Trial registration numberOpen Science Framework: DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/DYCE9.

Post-stroke dysphagia is a common problem after stroke. About 8-13% patients have persistent dysphagia and are unable to return to pre-stroke diet even after 6 months of stroke. Use of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) may be required in these patients, which may be psychologically unacceptable and impair the quality of life. In those with cricopharyngeal dysfunction leading on to refractory post-stroke dysphagia, cricopharyngeal myotomy and injection of botulinum toxin are the treatment options. We present a case of vertebrobasilar stroke who had persistent dysphagia due to cricopharyngeal dysfunction with good recovery of swallowing function following cricopharyngeal myotomy 1.5 years after the stroke.

Hemangioendothelioma (HEM) is a vascular tumour which is locally aggressive with a low-grade malignant potential. We present a rare case of HEM arising from the vocal cord of a 10-year-old female child. Video laryngoscopy clearly showed a large vocal cord polyp-like mass attached to middle one-third of left cord. Histopathological examination showed fragments of tissue with a neoplasm composed of spindle cells arranged diffusely admixed with numerous small vascular channels. These specific cells were positive for CD31, CD34, vimentin and ERG. Flexiblescopy and narrow band imaging were performed 3 weeks after surgery which showed no residual mass. Treatment of HEM is hampered by lack of proper guidelines and protocol. In this case of localized vocal cord lesion, a wide excision with regular follow up is considered ideal.

The study considered the feasibility and impact of interdisciplinary telemedicine discussions in the management of post-treatment dysphagia in patients with head and neck tumors. This is a retrospective analysis of patients with persistent dysphagia after treatment for head and neck pathology, at an institute in India. The cases were discussed in the telemedicine meeting conducted between host institute and a second unit in the United States. A monthly meeting was organized, using an internet-based video conference system. The ongoing swallowing problems and management were presented, and through discussions, a plan for further management was formulated and carried out. The Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) was measured before and after the implementation of the plan. Twenty-six patients were discussed, out of which, 22 were head and neck malignancies. The recommendations concurred with that of the host unit in 18, differed for three and additive in five patients. The pre-treatment mean FOIS was 1.46 with a standard deviation of 0.989 and post-treatment mean improved to 3.92 with a standard deviation of 1.809 (p < 0.0001). The present study supports the success of an interdisciplinary telemedicine meeting to manage difficult cases of dysphagia in head and neck. The outcome in terms of the FOIS score improved significantly after implementing them. In addition to the direct patient benefits, the meeting helped to facilitate interdepartmental collaboration between two units treating similar sets of patients across the globe, in specialized clinical areas like dysphagia management.

Laryngology is a compact yet comprehensive resource on the management of disorders of voice, airway, and swallowing. It discusses the latest techniques in laryngeal documentation, key principles in management of laryngeal disorders, outcome measures and quality-of-life assessment, and evolving technologies in laryngology. This book will be an invaluable reference text for residents, fellows, allied health professionals such as speech pathologists, speech and language therapists, general otolaryngologists, and the dedicated laryngologist. Highlights of this volume: * Historical aspects to new frontiers in laryngologyall in one volume * Applied anatomy and physiology of the larynx * Clinical Pearls and Pitfalls supplement the readers understanding of the subject * More than 275 high-quality illustrations complementing the descriptions * Clinical, practical, and evidence-based management of a broad spectrum of laryngeal disorders The contributors have been chosen with great care and are world recognized experts in their field resulting in a laryngology volume that provides everything under one roof.

Background: Prediction of outcome in diabetic foot infection (DFI) remains difficult due to lack of active signs of infection, and apparently normal white blood cell (WBC) count. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) have been studied previously in this regard and were not useful. Hence, we evaluated procalcitonin (PCT) as a prognostic marker in this study. Objectives: We aimed to study the role of PCT, CRP, and ESR levels in predicting clinical outcome of acute DFI. Materials and Methods: A total of 250 subjects (197 men, 53 women) with acute DFI were enrolled. WBC count, ESR, CRP, and PCT were done for all subjects at admission after obtaining informed consent. Subjects were managed according to hospital protocol and followed up for 1 month. Clinical outcome was assessed based on mobility and morbidity status of the subject. Results: Old age, anemia, hyponatremia, hypoalbuminemia, and elevated serum creatinine were risk factors for poor outcome. Presence of cardiac failure, diabetic retinopathy, peripheral vascular disease, previous amputations, and positive bone culture had negative influence on clinical outcome. Elevated WBC count, ESR, CRP, and serum PCT were significantly associated with bad outcome. Elevated PCT (>2 ng/ml) [odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)), 2.03 (1.13-5.19), P < 0.001], gangrene [OR (95% CI), 2.2 (1.02-4.73), P = 0.04], and sepsis [OR (95% CI), 10.101 (4.34-23.25), P < 0.001] were good predictors of clinical outcome in acute DFI. Conclusion: PCT proved to be a reliable marker of acute DFI and good predictor of clinical outcome than existing markers WBC count, ESR, and CRP. Hence it should be useful for clinicians while managing acute DFI.

Background and Aims: Liver transplantation has become an effective therapy for patients with end-stage liver disease. The risk of new-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT) and posttransplant metabolic syndrome (PTMS) is high among patients after liver transplantation. These are thought to be associated with increased risks of graft rejection, infection, cardiovascular disease, and death. Our study aimed to document the incidence of NODAT and PTMS and analyze pre and posttransplant predictive factors for their development in patients undergoing a liver transplant. Methods: This was a prospective comparative study on 51 patients who underwent live donor liver transplantation. They were evaluated at baseline, 3 and 6 months after transplantation with fasting glucose, lipids, serum insulin levels, C-peptide, and HbA1C. They were followed up at 5 years to document any cardiovascular events or rejection. Results: The incidence of preoperative diabetes mellitus (DM) in the study group was 25/51 (49%). The incidence of NODAT was 38.5% (10/26 patients) and PTMS 29% (10/35), respectively. Age (47.7 ± 5.4 vs 41.5 ± 12.7 years), HOMA2 -IR (2.3 ± 1.8 vs 2.1 ± 1.6), serum insulin (16.1 ± 12.0 vs 17.9 ± 14.5), and C-peptide (4.6 ± 0.5 vs 4.8 ± 0.7) were similar at baseline in the NODAT group compared to those who did not develop it. Mean tacrolimus levels were higher in PTMS group (6.8 ± 2.9 vs 5.0. ± 2.0 P value = 0.042). By the end of 5 years, 7 patients expired; 6 due to rejection and one due to cardiovascular disease. Moreover, 2 of these patients had preexisting DM and 2 had NODAT. Conclusions: None of the baseline metabolic factors in patients undergoing liver transplant were predictive of the development of NODAT or PTMS. Mean tacrolimus levels were significantly higher in the PTMS group. A 5-year follow-up showed no excess risk of cardiovascular events or rejection in those with preexisting DM or in those who developed NODAT.

In this study, poly(caprolactone) (PCL) was electrospun to nano, micro, and multiscale (micro-nano) fibers, which were then subjected to low pressure argon and nitrogen plasma treatment. The electrospun fibers contain microfibers of diameter 8–10 μm and nanofibers of diameter 200–300 nm. Characterization of the plasma-treated fibers showed that treatment using less oxidizing gas like nitrogen and inert gas like argon functionalize the surface with polar groups that significantly modify the properties of the scaffold. Highly hydrophobic PCL fibrous scaffolds were rendered hydrophilic, with significantly improved biomineralization after the plasma treatment. While plasma treatment on micro and multiscale fibers enhanced their protein adsorption, cell attachment, spreading, elongation, and proliferation, nanofibers showed remarkably improved cell attachment. The applicability of plasma-treated electrospun fibers for differentiation of mesenchymal stem cell toward osteogenic lineage was also studied. Accelerated differentiation toward osteoblast lineage, with maximum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in 14 days was achieved in plasma-treated fibers. Another remarkable outcome was the enhanced ALP activity of the microfibers after plasma treatment, compared with multiscale and nanofibers. Alizarin red staining further confirmed the mineralization of the plasma-treated scaffolds, indicative of maturation of the differentiated cells. This work thus concentrates on harnessing the potential of plasma treatment, for improving the osteoconductivity of fibrous scaffolds, which could be used for bone tissue engineering/regenerative medicine.