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African American men face a stark prostate cancer (PCa)‐related health disparity, with the highest incidence and mortality rates compared to other races. Additional and innovative measures are warranted to reduce this health disparity. Here, we focused on the identification of a novel serum exosome‐based “protein signature” for potential use in the early detection and better prognosis of PCa in African American men. Nanoparticle tracking analyses showed that compared to healthy individuals, exosome concentration (number/ml) was increased by ~3.2‐fold (P ˂ 0.05) in the sera of African American men with PCa. Mass spectrometry‐based proteomic analysis of serum exosomes identified seven unique and fifty‐five overlapping proteins (up‐ or downregulated) in African Americans with PCa compared to healthy African Americans. Furthermore, ingenuity pathway analyses identified the inflammatory acute‐phase response signaling as the top pathway associated with proteins loaded in exosomes from African American PCa patients. Interestingly, African American PCa E006AA‐hT cells secreted exosomes strongly induced a proinflammatory M2‐phenotype in macrophages and showed calcium response on sensory neurons, suggesting a neuroinflammatory response. Additionally, proteomic analyses showed that the protein Isoform 2 of Filamin A has higher loading (2.6‐fold) in exosomes from African Americans with PCa, but a lesser loading (0.6‐fold) was observed in exosomes from Caucasian men with PCa compared to race‐matched healthy individuals. Interestingly, TCGA and Taylor's dataset as well as IHC analyses of PCa tissue showed a lower Filamin A expression in tissues of PCa patients compared with normal subjects. Overall, these results support the usefulness of serum exosomes to noninvasively detect inflammatory phenotype and to discover novel biomarkers associated with PCa in African American men. In this work, we characterized the proteins loaded in exosomes isolated from the serum of African American prostate cancer patients and identified a novel protein signature.

A visitor to Edinburgh today would not recognise the city of 40 years ago, when drunks seemed so much more dramatic than in the south, where green vegetables were rare, and exotica such as courgettes unknown, where the pink icing on buns glowed in the dark, and beer came always with a milk-like froth which required patience in the pouring.

Purpose Oral administration of anticancer agents presents a series of advantages for patients. However, most of the anticancer drugs have poor water solubility leading to low bioavailability. Methods Controlled released spray dried matrix system of Gefitinib with hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin, chitosan, hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose, vitamin E TPGS, succinic acid were used for the design of formulations to improve the oral absorption of Gefitinib. Spray drying with a customized spray gun which allows simultaneous/pulsatile flow of two different liquid systems through single nozzle was used to prepare Gefitinib spray dried formulations (Gef-SD). Formulation was characterized by in vitro drug release and Caco-2 permeability studies. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed in Sprague Dawley rats. Efficacy of Gef-SD was carried out in A431 xenografts models in nude mice. Results In Gef-SD group 9.14-fold increase in the AUC was observed compared to free Gef. Improved pharmacokinetic profile of Gef-SD translated into increase (1.75 fold compared to Gef free drug) in anticancer effects. Animal survival was significantly increased in Gef formulation treated groups, with superior reduction in the tumor size (1.48-fold) and volumes (1.75-fold) and also increase in the anticancer effects (TUNEL positive apoptotic cells) was observed in Gef-SD treated groups. Further, western blot, immunohistochemical and proteomics analysis demonstrated the increased pharmacodynamic effects of Gef-SD formulations in A431 xenograft tumor models. Conclusion Our studies suggested that Gefitinib can be successfully incorporated into control release microparticles based oral formulation with enhanced pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activity. This study demonstrates the novel application of Gef in A431 tumor models.

Warfare in Britain in the period from the late Neolithic to the late Bronze Age is considered in terms of the physical evidence in the archaeological record; of the artefacts considered as weapons, and of the sites that are considered to have been 'defensive'. Alongside this technological analysis, a model is proposed for the emergence of the social organisation of military groups or warbands.

Mercer, an archaeologist and prehistorian in Scotland, remembers his life and career. He decided before age eight that he wanted to be an archaeologist and volunteered at 11. Mercer details his university education, his work inspecting ancient monuments, and his memorable excavations. He then comments on his career with the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland.

Mercer presents an obituary for archaeologist James Neil Graham Ritchie (1942-2005), who enhanced the objectives of scrupulous survey by initiating and driving through a series of small-scale excavations designed to explain the development of monuments that surface survey found complex or unclassifiable. Graham served as president of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland from 1999-2002, and his lecturing--learned, clever, beautifully illustrated--earned him widespread admiration and led to extensive demands from a range of audiences that took him all over the Atlantic facade.

It is a privilege, if a sad one, to pay tribute to a late lamented friend and sparring partner Tony Legge. He embodied a vast experience, seasoned with wide reading, worn lightly. Never one to tolerate fools gladly, Tony could always be relied upon to give an honest, straightforwardly expressed opinion that resounded with common sense and the spice of humour. I recollect with great pleasure our discussions, often concerning the development of the society that engendered Hambledon Hill, that were so rewarding, and offer this contribution in their spirit of pragmatic questioning of the practical issues involved in the