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Beautyscapes is the first book to focus specifically on cosmetic surgery tourism. It draws on key themes of interest to students and researchers interested in globalisation and mobility, such as gender and class, neoliberalism, social media, conviviality and care, to explain the nature and growing popularity of international medical travel.

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to wreak havoc across the globe. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, limiting face-to-face interaction is the best strategy for reducing the spread of COVID-19. We investigate the impact of social distancing on social connection and well-being, while also considering the moderating influence of smartphone use. In a survey of 400 students, the study presented herein finds that smartphone use attenuates the negative impact of social distancing on social connection and well-being. Contrary to popular sentiments regarding the influence of smartphone use on well-being, increased smartphone use during the pandemic may foster social connection and well-being. Overall, the research presented provides evidence that the perceived loss of social connection with others is not a de facto outcome of social distancing. The study’s findings have important implications for public policymakers, government officials, and others, including consumer researchers. These implications include stressing the important role technology can play in staying socially connected during the current pandemic and the importance of reframing “social distancing” as “physical distancing with social connectedness”.

The 5th edition of the WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System introduces new entities, and provides updated guidance regarding the diagnostic criteria for tumors of the central nervous system (CNS). CNS embryonal tumors and CNS non‐meningothelial mesenchymal tumors can be challenging for practicing pathologists, as the histologic features are not always specific to a particular entity, and integration of microscopic and molecular findings is necessary. This review on CNS embryonal and non‐meningothelial mesenchymal tumors is meant to provide an update with a focus on WHO changes and additions and on recent discoveries with diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications. A concise review of the CNS embryonal and mesenchymal non‐meningothelial tumors, comprising the most current available information with clinical implications.

Social media offers a nearly unlimited number of opportunities to bond with others. The present research, however, suggests that social media use can have both positive and negative implications for our well-being. Passive use of social media entails viewing others' social media pages without interacting with the page owner. Across three studies, which included two survey-based studies and an experimental study, consistent results are found showing that passive social media use moderates the relationship between social media usage/intensity and perceived social connection. Study 1 found social media intensity involving more passive engagement was associated with less social connection and lower well-being. Study 2 found that the interaction between social media use across 11 social media platforms and high passive use of these platforms is associated with lower perceived social connection and, subsequently, higher stress. In response to a call for more experimental research by Verduyn et al. (2017), Study 3 manipulated social media use (heavy or light) and type of social media use (passive vs. active) and found that heavy social media use has a negative impact on social connection when used passively, but a positive effect when used actively. In addition, the present study adds to the emerging literature which shows that one's emotional connection to social media, and the time spent on social media, in combination with how social media is used (passively or actively), is associated with perceived social connection and user well-being. Future research directions and study limitations are discussed. Les médias sociaux offrent un nombre quasi illimité d'occasions de se rapprocher des autres. La présente étude suggère toutefois que l'utilisation des médias sociaux peut avoir des conséquences à la fois positives et négatives sur notre bien-être. L'utilisation passive des médias sociaux consiste à consulter les pages des autres sur les médias sociaux sans interagir avec le propriétaire de la page. Dans trois études, comprenant deux études basées sur des enquêtes et une étude expérimentale, des résultats cohérents montrent que l'utilisation passive des médias sociaux modère la relation entre l'utilisation/intensité des médias sociaux et le niveau de connexion sociale perçu. L'étude 1 a révélé que l'intensité des médias sociaux impliquant un engagement plus passif était associée à un niveau de connexion sociale moindre et à un bien-être plus faible. L'étude 2 a révélé que l'interaction entre l'utilisation des médias sociaux sur 11 plateformes de médias sociaux et une utilisation passive élevée de ces plateformes est associée à un niveau de connexion sociale perçu plus faible et, par la suite, à un stress plus élevé. En réponse à un appel à un nombre accru de recherches expérimentales lancé par Verduyn et al. (2017), l'étude 3 a manipulé l'utilisation des médias sociaux (fréquente ou faible) et le type d'utilisation des médias sociaux (passive vs active) et a constaté que l'utilisation fréquente des médias sociaux a un impact négatif sur le niveau de connexion sociale lorsqu'elle est utilisée de manière passive, mais un effet positif lorsqu'elle est utilisée de manière active. En outre, la présente étude s'ajoute à la littérature émergente qui montre que le lien émotionnel d'une personne avec les médias sociaux et le temps passé sur les médias sociaux, en combinaison avec la façon dont les médias sociaux sont utilisés (passivement ou activement), sont associés au niveau de connexion sociale perçu et au bien-être de l'utilisateur. Les orientations de recherche futures et les limites de l'étude sont discutées. Public Significance Statement The primary goal of social media is to help individuals connect with others. The present research, however, finds that intense social media use is sometimes negatively associated with an individual's sense of social connection and, ultimately, their well-being. Results across three studies reveal that heavy users of social media are more likely to experience negative consequences, such as feeling socially disconnected and experiencing greater stress and lower well-being, if they use social media in a passive manner (i.e., to view others' social media pages without actively interacting with others) as opposed to using social media to actively engage with others.

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing, self-quarantining, wearing masks, and washing hands have become part of the new norm for many, but not all. It appears that such preventive measures are critical to \"flattening the curve\" of the spread of COVID-19. The public's adoption of such behaviors is an essential component in the battle against what has been referred to as the \"invisible enemy.\" The primary objective of this study was to develop a model for predicting COVID-19 preventive behaviors among US college students. The Health Belief Model has a long history of use and empirical support in predicting preventive health behaviors, but it is not without its purported shortcomings. This study identifies a more optimal and defensible combination of variables to explain preventive behaviors among college students. This segment of the US population is critical in helping slow the spread of COVID-19 because of the relative reluctance of college students to perform the needed behaviors given they do not feel susceptible to or fearful of COVID-19. For this study, 415 US college students were surveyed via Qualtrics and asked to answer questions regarding their fear of COVID-19, information receptivity (seeking relevant information), perceived knowledge of the disease, self-efficacy, and performance of preventive behaviors. The PROCESS macro (Model 6) was used to test our conceptual model, including predictions involving sequential mediation. Sequential mediation results show that fear of COVID-19 leads individuals to seek out information regarding the disease, which increases their perceived knowledge and fosters self-efficacy; this is key to driving preventive behaviors. Self-imposed preventive measures can drastically impact the rate of infection among populations. Based on this study's newly created sequential mediation model, communication strategies for encouraging COVID-19 preventive behaviors are offered. It is clear that college students, and very possibly adults of all ages, must have a healthy fear of COVID-19 to set in motion a process where concerned individuals seek out COVID-19-related information, increasing their store of knowledge concerning the disease, their self-efficacy, and ultimately their likelihood of performing the needed preventive behaviors.

Chromosome-arm copy number alterations (CNAs) are an important component of cancer molecular classifiers. CNAs are often translated into binary chromosome arm calls (arm gain/loss) using an arm call threshold before integration into classification schemes. However, substantial variability exists in thresholds used to define arm calls from CNA data. Here, we analyze 1042 meningiomas with whole-genome microarray data and 13 meningiomas with multifocal sampling to characterize how CNA thresholds influence molecular classification and prognostication. Changing arm call thresholds shifts the association of chromosomal arm calls with meningioma recurrence in an arm-dependent manner and upgrades 21.5% of cases from low-grade to high-grade in a molecularly Integrated Grade (IG) scheme. The impact of threshold differences in IG prediction of recurrence is most evident amongst intermediate grade (IG-2) tumors and CNA call thresholds approaching whole-chromosome arm length (>95%). The designation of chromosome loss or gain remains stable across a majority of thresholds, although this varies in a chromosome-dependent manner. CNAs fluctuate among paired primary-recurrent tumors, mostly growing on recurrence, but cluster in discrete sizes within a tumor. Appreciation of the impact of chromosome arm call thresholds can help ensure robustness of molecular classification paradigms. Defining clinically meaningful criteria for copy number alterations (CNA) remains challenging. Here, the authors explore the distribution and prognostic impact of CNA features in a large clinically annotated cohort of meningiomas, determining arm call thresholds that enable consistent molecular classification and patient stratification.

Purpose Attachment theory is emerging as an important theoretical foundation in marketing because of the relational nature of consumption, but little guidance exists as to which of many attachment style measures is most suitable for use by researchers. As a result, many measures are being used with little justification, and frequently, these scales are being adapted due to poor measurement fit, length or wording unrelated to the focal attachment figure. This paper aims to evaluate seven existing attachment style measures and provides recommendations regarding which measure is the most suitable for assessing the impact of chronic attachment styles on marketing outcomes. Design/methodology/approach A literature review identified seven measures of attachment style for analysis. Two studies examine the psychometric properties, susceptibility to response bias and predictive validity of the seven measures (Study 1n = 325 and Study 2n = 205). Findings Among the seven scales evaluated, the Johnson et al. (2012) [Johnson, Whelan, and Thomson (JWT)] measure exhibited the best psychometric properties and predictive validity for general (i.e. not relationship-specific) attachment styles. In addition, two relationship-specific measures, also with strong psychometric properties, were better able to capture their respective relationships or relationship types than general attachment styles, as expected. Research limitations/implications This research provides guidance to researchers on which measure to use when examining the impact of attachment style in marketing. Practical implications This research provides marketing researchers guidance on which measure to use when examining the impact of general attachment styles. Because the JWT scale is brief, psychometrically sound and demonstrates strong predictive validity, it can be used for academic and managerial purposes. The authors also confirm previous research suggesting that relationship-specific measures of attachment style may act differently than general interpersonal attachment style measures and vary in their ability to predict marketing outcomes. Originality/value This research is the first to provide guidance regarding which measure of attachment style to use in marketing and consumer research. This research can serve as a reference point for future researchers in selecting measures of attachment style and may allow for convergence on a narrow set of measures to advance research in marketing.

Fusions involving neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase ( NTRK ) genes are detected in ≤2% of gliomas and can promote gliomagenesis. The remarkable therapeutic efficacy of TRK inhibitors, which are among the first Food and Drug Administration-approved targeted therapies for NTRK -fused gliomas, has generated significant clinical interest in characterizing these tumors. In this multi-institutional retrospective study of 42 gliomas with NTRK fusions, next generation DNA sequencing ( n  = 41), next generation RNA sequencing ( n  = 1), RNA-sequencing fusion panel ( n  = 16), methylation profile analysis ( n  = 18), and histologic evaluation ( n  = 42) were performed. All infantile NTRK -fused gliomas ( n  = 7) had high-grade histology and, with one exception, no other significant genetic alterations. Pediatric NTRK -fused gliomas ( n  = 13) typically involved NTRK2 , ranged from low- to high-histologic grade, and demonstrated histologic overlap with desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma, pilocytic astrocytoma, ganglioglioma, and glioblastoma, among other entities, but they rarely matched with high confidence to known methylation class families or with each other; alterations involving ATRX , PTEN , and CDKN2A/2B were present in a subset of cases. Adult NTRK -fused gliomas ( n  = 22) typically involved NTRK1 and had predominantly high-grade histology; genetic alterations involving IDH1 , ATRX , TP53 , PTEN , TERT promoter, RB1 , CDKN2A/2B , NF1 , and polysomy 7 were common. Unsupervised principal component analysis of methylation profiles demonstrated no obvious grouping by histologic grade, NTRK gene involved, or age group. KEGG pathway analysis detected methylation differences in genes involved in PI3K/AKT, MAPK, and other pathways. In summary, the study highlights the clinical, histologic, and molecular heterogeneity of NTRK -fused gliomas, particularly when stratified by age group.

Consensus claims are often depicted in advertisements. The present research adopts an attachment theory (Bowlby 1969 ) perspective to advance new insights into the effect of consensus claims in advertisements on consumers' purchase likelihood. Results of five studies demonstrate how the effectiveness of consensus claims in ads is circumscribed to specific individuals and that interpersonal attachment style is a key moderator. Specifically, among individuals with secure attachment styles, depicting consensus claims in ads enhances consumers' intentions to purchase the advertised product, but among individuals with anxious attachment styles, consensus claims are a less effective advertising tactic as they result in lower intentions to purchase the advertised product.