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Experimentalism's newfound prominence in relation to climate-change action invites questions-integral to this special issue-about whether it is capable of meeting the transformational challenges that societies face. Answers require greater clarity regarding what experimentalism is, and is not. To address this, I first conceptualize the available alternatives. Drawing from John Dewey's influential account, these alternatives can appropriately be understood as \"absolutist.\" I argue that both policy insiders' plans for carbon pricing and trading schemes and outsiders' radical vanguardist visions fit here, each offering the false promise of a singular correct criteria by which to formulate and evaluate strategies for change. By contrast, experimentalism can be understood as a rich and promising method. While critics often characterize it as modeled on voluntary lifestyle initiatives, which can readily co-exist within a larger unsustainable order, an understanding of experimentalism ought not be limited to individualized or depoliticized projects. Properly understood, I argue that it includes approaches that can be scalable and political in ways that might foster systemic change.

Far-reaching efforts to address environmental issues rarely seem to resonate with citizens of the United States or other wealthy postindustrial societies. InEngaging the Everyday, John Meyer considers this impediment to action on environmental problems -- which he terms \"the resonance dilemma\" -- and argues that an environmental agenda that emerges from everyday concerns would resonate more deeply with ordinary citizens. Meyer explores the contours of this alternative, theorizing both obstacles and opportunities and then considering it in terms of three everyday areas of material practice: land use, transportation by automobile, and home dwelling.Adopting the stance of an \"inside critic\" (neither detached theorist nor narrow policy advocate), and taking an approach that he calls \"contested materiality,\" Meyer draws on a variety of theoretical perspectives to construct a framework for understanding material practices. He reimagines each of the three material practices in terms of a political idea: for land, property; for automobiles, freedom; and for homes, citizenship. His innovative analysis offers a grounded basis for reshaping our talk about political concepts and values.

The idea of sacrifice is the unspoken issue of environmental politics. Politicians, the media, and many environmentalists assume that well-off populations won't make sacrifices now for future environmental benefits and won't change their patterns and perceptions of consumption to make ecological room for the world's three billion or so poor eager to improve their standard of living. The Environmental Politics of Sacrifice challenges these assumptions, arguing that they limit our policy options, weaken our ability to imagine bold action for change, and blind us to the ways sacrifice already figures in everyday life. The concept of sacrifice has been curiously unexamined in both activist and academic conversations about environmental politics, and this book is the first to confront it directly. The chapters bring a variety of disciplinary perspectives to the topic. Contributors offer alternatives to the conventional wisdom on sacrifice; identify connections between sacrifice and human fulfillment in everyday life, finding such concrete examples as parents' sacrifices in raising children, religious practice, artists' pursuit of their art, and soldiers and policemen who risk their lives to do their jobs; and examine particular policies and practices that shape our understanding of environmental problems, including the carbon tax, incentives for cyclists, and the perils of green consumption. The Environmental Politics of Sacrifice puts \"sacrifice\" firmly into the conversation about effective environmental politics and policies, insisting that activists and scholars do more than change the subject when the idea is introduced.Contributors: Peter Cannavò, Shane Gunster, Cheryl Hall, Karen Litfin, Michael Maniates, John M. Meyer, Simon Nicholson, Anna Peterson, Thomas Princen, Sudhir Chella Rajan, Paul Wapner, Justin WilliamsThe hardcover edition does not include a dust jacket.

An absolutist concept of property has the power to shape and constrain the public imagination. Libertarian theorists normatively embrace this concept. Yet its influence extends far beyond these proponents, shaping the views of an otherwise diverse array of theorists and activists. This limits the ability of environmentalists, among others, to respond coherently to challenges from property rights advocates in the U.S. I sketch an alternative concept--rooted in practice--that understands private property as necessarily embedded in social and ecological relations, rather than constrained by these relations. I argue that this concept can prefigure a more robust environmentalism.

Imaging spectroscopy, which applies the principles of reflectance spectroscopy to an image on a pixel-by-pixel basis, has been utilized for decades in a wide variety of fields, providing information regarding the chemical composition of materials measured. This information has allowed researchers to measure subtle differences in materials using ground-based, airborne, and orbital sensors. Combining imaging spectroscopy data with 3-D point cloud data produces a data set containing information on the composition and quantity of materials in an imaged area of interest. This dissertation applies imaging spectroscopy to the study of white mica in the context of mineral exploration and mining. The dissertation comprises three parts: 1) spectrometer design, 2) district-scale mapping, and 3) integration of imaging spectrometer and lidar data.White micas are common products of hydrothermal alteration associated with mineral deposits. A review of spectral studies conducted at a variety of mineral deposits determined that shifts in the position of the diagnostic 2.2 µm combination feature in white micas of as little as 1 nm can be geologically significant. A sensitivity study was conducted to determine spectrometer characteristics: sampling interval, bandpass, channel center, and signal to noise ratio, that are required to measure the position of the 2.2 µm combination feature with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1 and 2 nm. It was determined that RMSE was more sensitive to bandpass than sampling interval variation, while channel center position had little effect. Adding Gaussian noise to the test data degraded the RMSE in all spectrometers, but it was determined that fine spectrometers were more sensitive to noise than coarse spectrometers. Results obtained in this contribution can guide the user in the selection of a spectrometer required to achieve a specific RMSE when measuring the position of the white mica 2.2 µm combination feature.Many spectral studies have been conducted that leverage the position of the white mica 2.2 µm combination feature to infer characteristics of a variety mineral deposit types. In this contribution, we conduct a study in the Battle Mountain mining district in Nevada using the width of the white mica 2.2 µm combination feature to differentiate white mica that formed as the result of magmatic-hydrothermal activity from white mica that is igneous in origin and is a constituent of siliciclastic rocks in the district. Airborne imaging spectroscopy data were processed to generate spectral-based mineral maps. These were compared to aeromagnetic anomaly maps, geologic maps, and deposit-scale studies to ascertain the relationship of white mica chemistry and white mica grain-size with proximity to buried batholiths and associated magmatic-hydrothermal activity. We determined that fine-grained, high-Al content white micas, which we interpreted to be sericite formed as the result of magmatic-hydrothermal activity, were spatially associated with batholiths buried at depth. We also determined that coarse-grained, low-Al white micas, which we interpreted to be igneous in origin and constituents of siliciclastic rocks in the district, were found more distal to buried batholiths and thus not formed as the result of associated magmatic-hydrothermal activity.To extract information regarding the quantity of materials measured using imaging spectrometers, the 2-D raster data generated may be fused with data containing 3-D geospatial information. Imaging spectrometer collected in Yellowstone National Park were back projected on to point clouds generated with terrestrial laser scanner lidar data using open-source software. The resultant 3-D data cloud was used to interpret an exposed river scarp and to place that scarp in the context of the greater Yellowstone hydrothermal system. Data generated using techniques to fuse and analyze hyperclouds are useful in a variety of mining applications including mapping of outcrops and highwalls and mapping of underground workings. Worker safety is enhanced due to the ability to standoff from dangerous highwalls and unsupported ground while still collecting valuable data regarding the composition and quantity of materials in an area of interest. This contribution can form the basis for future work such as development of real-time, heads-up displays for shovel operators that would provide actionable information on ore sorting and waste identification. This contribution presents the detailed workflows to collect, process, and fuse USGS spectral-based material maps generated from imaging spectroscopy data with point spectrometer, lidar, and geospatial data.Imaging spectrometers, through direct observation of minerals or the use of spectral analogues, have the potential to be utilized in a wide range of mining applications beyond mineral exploration, such as digital mapping of production drill core, ore grade determination, stockpile management, processing plant feed monitoring, closure, and remediation activities. Fusing 2-D imaging spectrometer data with 3-D point cloud data generates a fused data set containing qualitative and quantitative information of a region of interest. These fused data sets can allow workers to generate 3-D maps of working faces that depict the quantity of various grades of ore, and the presence and quantity of gangue materials. Fused data sets can be used to characterize, and inventory abandoned mine sites, assessing their potential use as a resource and aiding in their remediation.

Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) is among the most prominent and pivotal political theorists in the Western tradition. The first to develop the notion of the social contract systematically, Hobbes argues for the necessity of a unified sovereign in order to escape the violence that he describes as our “natural condition.” By his own assertion and the concurrence of many interpreters, Hobbes is among the firstmodernpolitical theorists, distinguished from the ancients and scholastics by (among other things) his emphasis upon agreement as the basis for political legitimacy, freedom as nothing more than the absence of “external impediments to motion,”