Explore the vast range of titles available.

Introduction: Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. Awareness of orthodontic treatment varies in different regions. Undergoing orthodontic treatment to correct malocclusion would be very beneficial to children as it could help eliminate bullying by peers regarding facial appearance. This kind of bullying by peers could affect the child psychologically. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted in Karad Taluka in Maharashtra. A total of 378 subjects were selected. The schools were randomly selected. A questionnaire including general information, knowledge, and awareness of orthodontic treatment was prepared, and the teachers were given 15 min to fill it. Since it was a short period of time to gather information from other sources, the participants answered the questionnaire using their own knowledge. The purpose of this questionnaire, which consisted of 12 questions in both English and Marathi was to evaluate the level of knowledge the teachers had about orthodontic treatment. The purpose of the study and questionnaire forms were explained by the examiner. The responses of the teachers to the questions were recorded on a 2-point Likert scale {YES or NO}. Results: Simple descriptive statistics was applied to describe the study variables. A Chi-square test of independence was performed to check independence between answers and gender for each question. Conclusion: Within limits of this study, it may be concluded that knowledge of available treatments was more in males compared to females in rural areas.

Advancements in the field of chip fabrication led to the integration of a large number of transistors in a small area, giving rise to the multi–core processor era. Massive multi–core processors facilitate innovation and research in the field of healthcare, defense, entertainment, meteorology and many others. Reduction in chip area and increase in the number of on–chip cores is accompanied by power and temperature issues. In high performance multi–core chips, power and heat are predominant constraints. High performance massive multicore systems suffer from thermal hotspots, exacerbating the problem of reliability in deep submicron technologies. High power consumption not only increases the chip temperature but also jeopardizes the integrity of the system. Hence, there is a need to explore holistic power and thermal optimization and management strategies for massive on–chip multi–core environments. In multi–core environments, the communication fabric plays a major role in deciding the efficiency of the system. In multi–core processor chips this communication infrastructure is predominantly a Network–on–Chip (NoC). Tradition NoC designs incorporate planar interconnects as a result these NoCs have long, multi–hop wireline links for data exchange. Due to the presence of multi–hop planar links such NoC architectures fall prey to high latency, significant power dissipation and temperature hotspots. Networks inspired from nature are envisioned as an enabling technology to achieve highly efficient and low power NoC designs. Adopting wireless technology in such architectures enhance their performance. Placement of wireless interconnects (WIs) alters the behavior of the network and hence a random deployment of WIs may not result in a thermally optimal solution. In such scenarios, the WIs being highly efficient would attract high traffic densities resulting in thermal hotspots. Hence, the location and utilization of the wireless links is a key factor in obtaining a thermal optimal highly efficient Network–on–chip. Optimization of the NoC framework alone is incapable of addressing the effects due to the runtime dynamics of the system. Minimal paths solely optimized for performance in the network may lead to excessive utilization of certain NoC components leading to thermal hotspots. Hence, architectural innovation in conjunction with suitable power and thermal management strategies is the key for designing high performance and energy–efficient multicore systems. This work contributes at exploring various wired and wireless NoC architectures that achieve best trade–offs between temperature, performance and energy–efficiency. It further proposes an adaptive routing scheme which factors in the thermal profile of the chip. The proposed routing mechanism dynamically reacts to the thermal profile of the chip and takes measures to avoid thermal hotspots, achieving a thermally efficient dynamically reconfigurable network on chip architecture.

Recently, the second to fourth fingers/digits ratio (2D:4D) has been reported to be associated with breast cancer (BC). We aimed to assess whether this association exists in Indian population. We derived the 2D:4D of right and left-hand from length of the index and ring finger, measured using Vernier callipers. We also calculated the right minus left 2D:4D (D R−L ). For 1638 BC cases and 1723 controls, univariate unconditional logistic regression model was used to estimate odds ratio (OR) with its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). We observed reduced risk of BC with increase in right 2D:4D in pre- menopausal women (OR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.52–0.96), while for post-menopausal women there was non-significant positive association. For left 2D:4D, non-significant slight increased risk of BC was observed in the highest category amongst the premenopausal women (OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 0.82–1.52). For D R−L we observed inverse association in pre-menopausal women only (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.58–0.92). The association between the 2D:4D ratio and BC risk was weak and inconsistent across pre-/post-menopausal groups. Larger and more precise studies with longitudinal follow-up, and reduced random measurement error are needed to clarify whether a clinically meaningful 2D:4D ratio threshold can reliably predict BC risk.

IntroductionWhile a large proportion of buccal mucosa cancer (BMC) is attributed to tobacco use, the contribution of alcohol is little-known. In India, alcohols include internationally-recognised (IRL) and locally-brewed liquor (LBL) types, which might contribute differently to the risk of BMC. We conducted an observational study to evaluate the association of local and foreign alcoholic beverage use on the risk of developing BMC.MethodsData from 1803 BMC cases and 1903 visitor controls from a multicentric case-control study was analysed for 11 IRLs and 30 LBLs. Healthy visitor controls were randomly sampled from the source population of the study centres which enrolled the cases. Quantitative data on the amount, the number of times consumed per day or week, and the lifetime duration of consumption for each of the alcoholic beverages were collected using an interviewer administered standardised questionnaire, which was then used to estimate the grams per day consumption of alcohol. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% CI were estimated after adjustment for potential confounders, including tobacco use. The joint effect of tobacco and alcohol on BMC risk, the attributable fraction (AF) of cases and state-wise population attributable fraction (PAF) were estimated.ResultsAn increased risk of 1.68 (95% CI=1.44–1.97), 1.72 (95% CI=1.46–2.04), and 1.87 (95% CI=1.46–2.39) was observed for ever-users of any alcohol, IRLs and LBLs, respectively for BMC. The findings show 9 grams/day of alcohol increased the risk of BMC by approximately 50%, and 62% of cases could be attributed to alcohol drinking and chewing tobacco, with an overall PAF of 11.3% for India.ConclusionThis study shows that alcohol, even in low quantities, increases the risk for BMC. Prevention of consumption of tobacco and alcohol together could substantially reduce the incidence of BMC.

This study aimed to investigate the association between lifetime occupational history and risk of buccal mucosa cancer (BMC). We utilized a multi-centric, hospital-based case-control study across five centres of Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India. Cases included men aged 20–75-years with histological confirmed primary cancer of the buccal mucosa. Visitor controls were frequency matched to cases for age (10 years interval) and current residential zone. Study participants were interviewed face-to-face. Logistic regression was performed to estimate odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Among ever employed males, we identified 1969 BMC cases and 2145 controls. We observed an increased risk of BMC in ‘Craft and Related Trades Workers’ (OR 1.37; 95 % CI 1.13–1.65), ‘Plant and Machine Operators and Assemblers’ (OR: 1.26; 95 % CI 1.01–1.56), and ‘Elementary Occupations’ (OR:1.33; 95 % CI 1.12–1.58). More specifically, the increased risk was observed for ‘Metal, Machinery and Related Trades Workers’, ‘Handicraft and Printing Workers’, ‘Drivers and Mobile Plant Operators’, and ‘Laborers in Mining, Construction, Manufacturing and Transport’. Our findings suggest that certain occupations may be at a higher risk of BMC. Some fraction of BMC can be prevented by reducing exposure to hazardous agents used in these occupations. Further research is needed to identify which exposures are responsible for the increased risk. Moreover, tobacco control and early detection activities can be focused towards these occupations as tobacco consumption is also high in them, which may also be the reason for increased risk observed in these groups. •We observed an increased risk of BMC in ‘Craft and Related Trades Workers’, ‘Plant and Machine Operators and Assemblers’, and ‘Elementary Occupations’.•More specifically, the increased risk was observed for ‘Metal, Machinery and Related Trades Workers’, ‘Handicraft and Printing Workers’, ‘Drivers and Mobile Plant Operators’, and ‘Labourers in Mining, Construction, Manufacturing and Transport’.•Even though we adjusted for tobacco use, the rates of chewing were high in these occupations, which may explain some of the associations that we observed.