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In recent years, forest-fire monitoring methods represented by deep learning have been developed rapidly. The use of drone technology and optimization of existing models to improve forest-fire recognition accuracy and segmentation quality are of great significance for understanding the spatial distribution of forest fires and protecting forest resources. Due to the spreading and irregular nature of fire, it is extremely tough to detect fire accurately in a complex environment. Based on the aerial imagery dataset FLAME, this paper focuses on the analysis of methods to two deep-learning problems: (1) the video frames are classified as two classes (fire, no-fire) according to the presence or absence of fire. A novel image classification method based on channel domain attention mechanism was developed, which achieved a classification accuracy of 93.65%. (2) We propose a novel instance segmentation method (MaskSU R-CNN) for incipient forest-fire detection and segmentation based on MS R-CNN model. For the optimized model, the MaskIoU branch is reconstructed by a U-shaped network in order to reduce the segmentation error. Experimental results show that the precision of our MaskSU R-CNN reached 91.85%, recall 88.81%, F1-score 90.30%, and mean intersection over union (mIoU) 82.31%. Compared with many state-of-the-art segmentation models, our method achieves satisfactory results on forest-fire dataset.

Persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection is the most critical risk factor for cervical cancer. The vaginal microbiota and the host immune status are both closely related to HPV infection. The vaginal microbiota regulates multiple immune signaling pathways. Conversely, the immune status also affects the stability of the microbiota. The two interact with each other and jointly regulate the outcome of HPV infection. Establishing a tripartite coordinated regulatory mechanism model involving the microbiota, immune system, and HPV will facilitate the development of individualized predictive models in the future, identification of precise intervention targets, and maximization of HPV clearance.

Macromolecular protein crystallisation was one of the potential tools to accelerate the biomanufacturing of biopharmaceuticals. In this work, it was the first time to investigate the roles of biotemplates, Saccharomyces cerevisiae live cells, in the crystallisation processes of lysozyme, with different concentrations from 20 to 2.5 mg/mL lysozyme and different concentrations from 0 to 5.0 × 10 7 (cfu/mL) Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, during a period of 96 h. During the crystallisation period, the nucleation possibility in droplets, crystal numbers, and cell growth and cell density were observed and analysed. The results indicated the strong interaction between the lysozyme molecules and the cell wall of the S. cerevisiae, proved by the crystallization of lysozyme with fluorescent labels. The biotemplates demonstrated positive influence or negative influence on the nucleation, i.e. shorter or longer induction time, dependent on the concentrations of the lysozyme and the S. cerevisiae cells, and ratios between them. In the biomanufacturing process, target proteins were various cells were commonly mixed with various cells, and this work provides novel insights of new design and application of live cells as biotemplates for purification of macromolecules.

Soybean meal (SBM) is a high-quality vegetable protein, whose application is greatly limited due to its high molecular weight and anti-nutritional properties. The aim of this study was to modify the protein of soybean meal via solid-state fermentation of Bacillus subtilis. The fermentation conditions were optimized as, finally, the best process parameters were obtained, namely fermentation temperature of 37 °C, inoculum amount of 12%, time of 47 h, and material-liquid ratio of 1:0.58, which improved the content of acid-soluble protein. To explore the utilization of modified SBM as a food ingredient, the protein structure and properties were investigated. Compared to SBM, the protein secondary structure of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) from the optimal process decreased by 8.3% for α-helix content, increased by 3.08% for β-sheet, increased by 2.71% for β-turn, and increased by 2.51% for random coil. SDS-PAGE patterns showed that its 25–250 KDa bands appeared to be significantly attenuated, with multiple newborn peptide bands smaller than 25 KDa. The analysis of particle size and zeta potential showed that fermentation reduced the average particle size and increased the absolute value of zeta potential. It was visualized by SEM and CLSM maps that the macromolecular proteins in FSBM were broken down into fragmented pieces with a folded and porous surface structure. Fermentation increased the solubility, decreased the hydrophobicity, increased the free sulfhydryl content, decreased the antigenicity, improved the protein properties of SBM, and promoted further processing and production of FSBM as a food ingredient.

Agarwood is a precious resinous heartwood highly valued for its cultural, religious, and medicinal significance. With the increasing market demand, natural agarwood resources are rapidly depleting, making the development of effective artificial induction methods for agarwood highly significant. This study aims to explore the feasibility of using callus tissue to assess the ability of fungi to induce agarwood formation. We selected two fungi isolated from Aquilaria sinensis , W-1 ( Podospora setosa ) and W-15 ( Alternaria alstroemeriae ), and used the known agarwood-inducing fungi YMY ( Pestalotiopsis sp.) as a positive control, by treating A . sinensis callus with their fermented filtrates. The experimental results showed that W-1 and W-15 treatments significantly enhanced the activity of Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Peroxidase (POD) in the callus tissue and upregulated the expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase ( HMGS ), 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase ( DXR ), and sesquiterpene synthase ( ASS-1 ). GC-MS analysis further confirmed that the contents of sesquiterpenes and aromatic compounds in A . sinensis treated with W-1 and W-15 were significantly elevated, suggesting that these fungi possess the capacity to induce the formation of agarwood. This study demonstrates that using callus tissue to screen fungi capable of inducing agarwood is feasible and effective, providing new insights for screening fungi resources that efficiently induce agarwood formation in the future.

Soybean residue is a by-product of soybean product production that is wasted unreasonably at present. Accomplishing the efficient utilization of soybean residue can save resources. A composite microbial system was constructed using lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC), and modified soybean residue was prepared by solid fermentation. In order to explore the value of modified soybean residue as a food raw material, its physical and chemical properties, adsorption properties, and antioxidant properties were studied. The results showed that the soluble dietary fiber (SDF) yield of mixed fermentation (MF) increased significantly. Both groups of soybean residues had representative polysaccharide infrared absorption peaks, and MF showed a looser structure and lower crystallinity. In terms of the adsorption capacity index, MF also has a higher adsorption capacity for water molecules, oil molecules, and cholesterol molecules. In addition, the in vitro antioxidant capacity of MF was also significantly higher than that of unfermented soybean residue (UF). In conclusion, our study shows that mixed fermentation could increase SDF content and improve the functional properties of soybean residue. Modified soybean residue prepared by mixed fermentation is the ideal food raw material.

During infection, avian influenza virus (AIV) triggers endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a well-established phenomenon in previous research. The Golgi apparatus, situated downstream of the ER and crucial for protein trafficking, may be impacted by AIV infection. However, it remains unclear whether this induces Golgi apparatus stress (GAS) and its implications for AIV replication. We investigated the morphological changes in the Golgi apparatus and identified GAS response pathways following infection with the H5 subtype AIV strain A/Mallard/Huadong/S/2005. The results showed that AIV infection induced significant swelling and fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus in A549 cells, indicating the presence of GAS. Among the analyzed GAS response pathways, TFE3 was significantly activated during AIV infection, while HSP47 was activated early in the infection process, and CREB3-ARF4 remained inactive. The blockade of the TFE3 pathway effectively inhibited AIV replication in A549 cells and attenuated AIV virulence in mice. Additionally, activation of the TFE3 pathway promoted endosome acidification and upregulated transcription levels of glycosylation enzymes, facilitating AIV replication. These findings highlight the crucial role of the TFE3 pathway in mediating GAS response during AIV infection, shedding light on its significance in viral replication.

Cell division cyclin 25 C (CDC25C) functions as an antigen linked to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is vital for its diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. However, the precise pathways underlying CDC25C-mediated inhibition of HCC growth remain incompletely understood. In this study, we created a CDC25C-downregulation model in AML12 and Hepa1-6 cell lines, complemented by a tumor xenograft in C57BL/6 mice. We evaluated the malignant biological behaviors and subcellular structural morphology of the CDC25C-downregulation model. Additionally, we quantified mitochondrial calcium levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations, mitochondrial stress-related molecules, and autophagy-related proteins. Furthermore, we observed the morphological characteristics of apoptosis in CDC25C-downregulated cells, evaluated the apoptosis rate, and identified key molecules involved in the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Our findings indicated that the downregulation of CDC25C inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC cells. Further analysis demonstrated that apoptosis in HCC cells was ultimately induced by CDC25C downregulation, which also triggered the mitochondrial stress response and autophagy. In contrast, normal hepatocytes exhibited the opposite effect, with the exception of autophagy. In summary, downregulation of CDC25C does not inhibit the growth of normal hepatocytes but inhibits HCC progression; its anti-HCC effect may be associated with the mitochondrial stress response as well as mitochondria-mediated autophagy and apoptosis.

In order to solve the problem of the IEEE 1588 (precise time protocol, PTP) path delay asymmetry caused by network congestion in data center time synchronization, this paper proposes a novel PTP time synchronization mechanism based on the original path return method and minimum delay packet screening (MDPS) algorithm. The original path return method utilizes the routing record and source station routing function of the IP protocol to enable the PTP packet to return along the original path, ensuring sufficient conditions for delay symmetry of the forth and back paths. The MDPS algorithm is proposed to select the packets on the same path whose delay is not affected by network congestion, thereby fundamentally eliminating the problem of delay asymmetry of forth and back paths in the case of network congestion. To verify the performance of the proposed mechanism, a simulation of the PTP packet queuing model and PTP time synchronization is conducted. The simulation results show that the uncongested packet can be obtained within 2.2 s. Moreover, the maximum absolute time deviation between the slave and master clocks is reduced by approximately 50 times, and the standard deviation of the time deviation is reduced by about 2 orders of magnitude.

The precursors that appear when geological disasters occur are geotechnical deformations. This paper studies the TDR (Time Domain Reflection) measurement technology for the distributed measurement of geotechnical deformation using parallel spiral wire as a sensor, which is used for monitoring and early warning detection of geological disasters. Based on the mechanism of the electromagnetic field distribution parameters of the parallel spiral sensing wire, the relationship between the stretching amount of the parallel spiral wire and the change in its characteristic impedance is analyzed. When the parallel spiral wire is buried in the soil, the geotechnical deformation causes the parallel spiral wire to be stretched, and according to its characteristic impedance change, the stretching position and the stretching degree can be obtained, thus realizing the distributed measurement of geotechnical deformation. Based on this principle, the TDR measurement system is developed, and a local single-point stretching amount and stretching positioning experiment are designed for the parallel spiral sensing line to verify the effectiveness of the sensing technology and the usability of the measurement system.