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In this article, we discuss some applications of the construction of the Apéry set of a good semigroup in N d given in (Commun Algebra 49(10):4136–4158, 2021). In particular, we study the duality of a symmetric and almost symmetric good semigroup, the Apéry set of non-local good semigroups and the Apéry set of value semigroups of plane curves.

We investigated the involvement of endocannabinoids in the control of neuronal damage and memory retention loss in rodents treated with the beta-amyloid peptide (1-42) (BAP). Twelve days after stereotaxic injection of BAP into the rat cortex, and concomitant with the appearance in the hippocampus of markers of neuronal damage, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, but not anandamide, levels were enhanced in the hippocampus. VDM-11 (5 mg/kg, i.p.), an inhibitor of endocannabinoid cellular reuptake, significantly enhanced rat hippocampal and mouse brain endocannabinoid levels when administered sub-chronically starting either 3 or 7 days after BAP injection and until the 12-14th day. VDM-11 concomitantly reversed hippocampal damage in rats, and loss of memory retention in the passive avoidance test in mice, but only when administered from the 3rd day after BAP injection. We suggest that early, as opposed to late, pharmacological enhancement of brain endocannabinoid levels might protect against beta-amyloid neurotoxicity and its consequences.

The physiological effects of short-term starvation on some haematological, biochemical and non-specific immune response parameters together with the histological structure of the skin, were investigated in the European eel, Anguilla anguilla. Blood haemoglobin and haematocrit, serum glucose and cortisol, hemolysins, haemagglutinins, and lysozyme in the plasma, kidney and epidermal extract, were measured in fish after 31, 42 and 58 days of starvation, and compared to those of fed fish. Starvation did not affect haemoglobin and haematocrit values, while an increase in glucose and cortisol levels was found in starved eels by day 42. Haemolytic and haemagglutinating activities decreased in starved eels. On the other hand, starvation caused an increase in the lysozyme content in the epidermal extracts, while no significant variations were observed in kidney and plasma. On the whole, no major changes in metabolic, haematological and non-specific immune parameters were observed when short-term (less than 2 months) starvation was applied to the European eel, suggesting an adaptive response to starvation, rather than a typical alarm-stress response, allowing this species to withstand food deprivation.

In this article, we discuss some applications of the construction of the Apéry set of a good semigroup in$$\\mathbb {N}^d$$N d given in (Commun Algebra 49(10):4136–4158, 2021). In particular, we study the duality of a symmetric and almost symmetric good semigroup, the Apéry set of non-local good semigroups and the Apéry set of value semigroups of plane curves.

Let (𝑅, 𝐦) be a numerical semigroup ring. In this paper we study the properties of its associated graded ring 𝐺(𝐦). In particular, we describe the H M 0 for 𝐺(𝐦) (where ℳ is the homogeneous maximal ideal of 𝐺(𝐦)) and we characterize when 𝐺(𝐦) is Buchsbaum. Furthermore, we find the length of H M 0 as a 𝐺(𝐦)-module, when 𝐺(𝐦) is Buchsbaum. In the 3-generated numerical semigroup case, we describe the H M 0 in terms of the Apery set of the numerical semigroup associated to 𝑅. Finally, we improve two characterizations of the Cohen-Macaulayness and Gorensteinness of 𝐺(𝐦) given in [2, 3], respectively.

The majority of both clinical and pre-clinical studies is conducted on male subjects only, therefore the aim was to assess addictive behavior in a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia induced by prenatal methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) exposure in both sexes. Alcohol consumption was significantly higher in MAM treated females in comparison to MAM treated male rats.

Let R be a quasi-homogeneous k-algebra and M be a finitely generated graded R-module. The formal power series Σi dimk $\\mathrm{T}\\mathrm{o}{\\mathrm{r}}_{\\mathrm{i}}^{\\mathrm{R}}(\\mathrm{k},\\mathrm{M}){\\mathrm{z}}^{\\mathrm{i}}$ is called the Poincaré series of M and it is denoted by ${\\mathrm{P}}_{\\mathrm{M}}^{\\mathrm{R}}\\left(\\mathrm{z}\\right)$. We remark that the Poincaré series of the module of derivations of a monomial ring is rational and determine it in some cases.

The MAM model was generated by acute intraperitoneal dose of MAM (22 mg/kg) to 10 pregnant Sprague-Dawley rat dams in the 17th day of their pregnancy. ASL was performed with a FAIR-RARE sequence with TR 10000 ms, TE 37.78 ms, image matrix 128x96, slice thickness 1.25 mm, 2D FOV 50.0x20.4 mm; from one axial slice through the brain a set of 15 magnitude images with TI of 30, 50, 100, 200, 300, 500, 700, 900, 1000, 1100, 1500, 1800, 2200, 2800, 3200 ms was used to calculate the tissue blood flow map.

Severe stress in early childhood can increase an individual's vulnerability to depression later in life. This study found that early-life stress in mice resulted in persistent elevation of the stress hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP), which was caused by persistent hypomethylation of CpG islands in the Avp promoter in the hypothalamus. Adverse early life events can induce long-lasting changes in physiology and behavior. We found that early-life stress (ELS) in mice caused enduring hypersecretion of corticosterone and alterations in passive stress coping and memory. This phenotype was accompanied by a persistent increase in arginine vasopressin (AVP) expression in neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and was reversed by an AVP receptor antagonist. Altered Avp expression was associated with sustained DNA hypomethylation of an important regulatory region that resisted age-related drifts in methylation and centered on those CpG residues that serve as DNA-binding sites for the methyl CpG–binding protein 2 (MeCP2). We found that neuronal activity controlled the ability of MeCP2 to regulate activity-dependent transcription of the Avp gene and induced epigenetic marking. Thus, ELS can dynamically control DNA methylation in postmitotic neurons to generate stable changes in Avp expression that trigger neuroendocrine and behavioral alterations that are frequent features in depression.

Background Kabuki syndrome (Niikawa-Kuroki syndrome) is a rare, multiple congenital anomalies/mental retardation syndrome characterized by a peculiar face, short stature, skeletal, visceral and dermatoglyphic abnormalities, cardiac anomalies, and immunological defects. Recently mutations in the histone methyl transferase MLL2 gene have been identified as its underlying cause. Methods Genomic DNAs were extracted from 62 index patients clinically diagnosed as affected by Kabuki syndrome. Sanger sequencing was performed to analyze the whole coding region of the MLL2 gene including intron-exon junctions. The putative causal and possible functional effect of each nucleotide variant identified was estimated by in silico prediction tools. Results We identified 45 patients with MLL2 nucleotide variants. 38 out of the 42 variants were never described before. Consistently with previous reports, the majority are nonsense or frameshift mutations predicted to generate a truncated polypeptide. We also identified 3 indel, 7 missense and 3 splice site. Conclusions This study emphasizes the relevance of mutational screening of the MLL2 gene among patients diagnosed with Kabuki syndrome. The identification of a large spectrum of MLL2 mutations possibly offers the opportunity to improve the actual knowledge on the clinical basis of this multiple congenital anomalies/mental retardation syndrome, design functional studies to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying this disease, establish genotype-phenotype correlations and improve clinical management.