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"Michael Carroll"
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Postglacial response of Arctic Ocean gas hydrates to climatic amelioration
Seafloor methane release due to the thermal dissociation of gas hydrates is pervasive across the continental margins of the Arctic Ocean. Furthermore, there is increasing awareness that shallow hydrate-related methane seeps have appeared due to enhanced warming of Arctic Ocean bottom water during the last century. Although it has been argued that a gas hydrate gun could trigger abrupt climate change, the processes and rates of subsurface/ atmospheric natural gas exchange remain uncertain. Here we investigate the dynamics between gas hydrate stability and environmental changes from the height of the last glaciation through to the present day. Using geophysical observations from offshore Svalbard to constrain a coupled ice sheet/gas hydrate model, we identify distinct phases of subglacial methane sequestration and subsequent release on ice sheet retreat that led to the formation of a suite of seafloor domes. Reconstructing the evolution of this dome field, we find that incursions of warm Atlantic bottom water forced rapid gas hydrate dissociation and enhanced methane emissions during the penultimate Heinrich event, the Bølling and Allerød interstadials, and the Holocene optimum. Our results highlight the complex interplay between the cryosphere, geosphere, and atmosphere over the last 30,000 y that led to extensive changes in subseafloor carbon storage that forced distinct episodes of methane release due to natural climate variability well before recent anthropogenic warming.
Journal Article
The reckoning
The conflict that has been simmering between the new superhumans and the Trutopians begins to boil over, threatening the world with extinction.
Book
Overexpression of schizophrenia susceptibility factor human complement C4A promotes excessive synaptic loss and behavioral changes in mice
The complement component 4 (
C4
) gene is linked to schizophrenia and synaptic refinement. In humans, greater expression of
C4A
in the brain is associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. To investigate this genetic finding and address how
C4A
shapes brain circuits in vivo, here, we generated a mouse model with primate-lineage-specific isoforms of
C4
, human
C4A
and/or
C4B
. Human C4A bound synapses more efficiently than C4B.
C4A
(but not
C4B
) rescued the visual system synaptic refinement deficits of
C4
knockout mice. Intriguingly, mice without C4 had normal numbers of cortical synapses, which suggests that complement is not required for normal developmental synaptic pruning. However, overexpressing
C4A
in mice reduced cortical synapse density, increased microglial engulfment of synapses and altered mouse behavior. These results suggest that increased C4A-mediated synaptic elimination results in abnormal brain circuits and behavior. Understanding pathological overpruning mechanisms has important therapeutic implications in disease conditions such as schizophrenia.
Overexpression of complement
C4A
is associated with schizophrenia risk. Using a novel mouse model, Yilmaz et al. find that increased expression of
C4A
leads to abnormal synaptic pruning and behavior, suggesting its importance as a therapeutic target.
Journal Article
The gathering
Years after the disappearance of the world's superhumans, the secret identities of three newly endowed superheroes are mysteriously leaked to the press, and the teenagers must take refuge at a hidden military installation.
Book
Sharing Research Data and Intellectual Property Law: A Primer
Sharing research data by depositing it in connection with a published article or otherwise making data publicly available sometimes raises intellectual property questions in the minds of depositing researchers, their employers, their funders, and other researchers who seek to reuse research data. In this context or in the drafting of data management plans, common questions are (1) what are the legal rights in data; (2) who has these rights; and (3) how does one with these rights use them to share data in a way that permits or encourages productive downstream uses? Leaving to the side privacy and national security laws that regulate sharing certain types of data, this Perspective explains how to work through the general intellectual property and contractual issues for all research data.
Journal Article
Molecular chain networks and strain energy functions in rubber elasticity
A relatively simple molecular–statistical model for rubber elasticity, similar to the Wang–Guth and the Arruda–Boyce (AB) models, is presented. Discussion of some approximate inverse Langevin functions leads to the selection of a new one as the most attractive balance between accuracy and simplicity. Use of this approximation with the AB model, in particular, yields the logarithmic strain energy introduced by Gent that exhibits limiting chain extensibility. A rather unusual facet of the relationship between the three strain energies is that the new one is the mean of the other two. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Rivlin's legacy in continuum mechanics and applied mathematics’.
Journal Article
Follicular dendritic cells: dynamic antigen libraries
Key Points
Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are non-haematopoietic cells that are of stromal origin. They are integrated into the continuous stromal network within lymphoid organs.
FDCs can acquire antigen through multiple pathways; small antigens flow through conduits directly to the FDCs, whereas larger antigens are transported to FDCs by B cells in a complement-dependent manner.
Acquired antigens are retained in their native form by FDCs for long periods of time. The antigens are protected from damage by storage in non-degradative endosomal vesicles that periodically cycle to the cell surface.
Retention and concentration of antigen by FDCs is important for an efficient germinal centre reaction, especially under conditions of limited antigen availability.
Toll-like receptor signalling in FDCs may affect their functions, such as their retention and cycling of antigen.
HIV might hijack the cycling mechanism of FDCs in order to evade the immune system, which makes FDCs unique as a non-infected cell that is also an infectious reservoir of the virus.
Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) in lymph nodes support the development of high-affinity antibody responses by retaining antigens at their cell surface for long periods of time. Although FDCs are generally regarded as 'accessory cells' in the germinal centre, recent data suggest that they have more active roles in the development of humoral immune responses. This Review focuses on our current understanding of FDCs.
Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are essential for high-affinity antibody production and for the development of B cell memory. Historically, FDCs have been characterized as 'accessory' cells that passively support germinal centre (GC) responses. However, recent observations suggest that FDCs actively shape humoral immunity. In this Review, we discuss recent findings concerning the antigen acquisition and retention functions of FDCs, and relevant implications for protective immunity. Furthermore, we describe the roles of FDCs within GCs in secondary lymphoid organs and discuss FDC development within this dynamic environment. Finally, we discuss how a better understanding of FDCs could facilitate the design of next-generation vaccines.
Journal Article