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Ioncell-F, a recently developed process for the production of man-made cellulosic fibers from ionic liquid solutions by dry-jet wet spinning, is presented as an alternative to the viscose and N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMMO)-based Lyocell processes. The ionic liquid 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene acetate was identified as excellent cellulose solvent allowing for a rapid dissolution at moderate temperatures and subsequent shaping into continuous filaments. The highly oriented cellulose fibers obtained upon coagulation in cold water exhibited superior tenacity, exceeding that of commercial viscose and NMMO-based Lyocell (Tencel®) fibers. The respective staple fibers, which have been converted into two-ply yarn by ring spinning technology, presented very high tenacity. Furthermore, the Ioncell yarn showed very good behavior during the knitting and weaving processes, reflecting the quality of the produced yarn. The successfully knitted and woven garments from the Ioncell yarn demonstrate the suitability of this particular ionic liquid for the production of man-made cellulosic fibers and thus give a promising outlook for the future of the Ioncell-F process.

Considerable growth is expected in the production of man-made cellulose textile fibers, which are commercially produced either via derivatization to form cellulose xanthate (viscose) or via direct dissolution in N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (Lyocell). In the study at hand, cellulosic fibers are spun from a solution in the ionic liquid [DBNH] [OAc] into water, resulting in properties equal or better than Lyocell (tensile strength 37 cN tex⁻¹ or 550 MPa). Spinning stability is explored, and the effects of extrusion velocity, draw ratio, spinneret aspect ratio and bath temperature on mechanical properties and orientation are discussed. With the given set-up, tenacities and moduli are improved with higher draw ratios, while elongation at break, the ratio of wet to dry strength, modulus of resilience and birefringence depend little on draw ratio or extrusion velocity, elastic limit not at all. We find the process robust and simple, with stretching to a draw ratio of 5 effecting most improvement, explained by the orientation of amorphous domains along the fiber axis.

This study presents the development of a novel process for producing man-made cellulosic fibers from an ionic liquid solution, the so called Ioncell-F process. It examines the full production chain from efficient dissolution of cellulose in ionic liquid to the suitability of the spun fibers for textile applications. A dry-jet wet spinning process consisting of the extrusion of a polymer solution at mild temperature through a multi-filament spinneret into an aqueous coagulation bath via an air gap was employed for the regeneration of cellulose into filaments. For preparation of the spinning dopes, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate and 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium acetate were used as solvents for different commercial dissolving pulps. Both ionic liquids showed an excellent capability in dissolving cellulose at mild conditions. Minor cellulose depolymerization was obtained at a temperature below 85 ºC with a low shearing rate. The intrinsic properties of the dissolved raw material, such as the degree of polymerization and molar mass distribution, exhibited a significant influence on the viscoelastic properties of the resulting polymer solution, and were monitored by oscillatory shear rheology and extensional rheology. The viscoelastic properties of the cellulose/ionic solution played a key role in determining the so called \"spinning window\" required to achieve optimal spinnability. The tested 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate/cellulose solution showed poor processing ability, while the 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium acetate/cellulose solution revealed effective spinning capability, resulting in the production of high-tenacity cellulosic staple fibers. The fundamental spinning concepts were investigated and contributed to the determination of the spinning window. Cellulosic fibers, covering a wide spectrum of structural and mechanical properties, were manufactured by varying the applied stretch of the extruded filaments. Ioncell fibers belong to the category of Lyocell fibers, provided that they are produced commercially, and display appropriate structural and mechanical behavior to be converted into yarn, and subsequently converted to knitted and woven fabrics. The excellent performance of the Ioncell spun yarn during the knitting and weaving process confirmed the competitive quality of the yarn and its suitability for the production of apparel. The future of this technology as an alternative to the viscose and NMMO-based Lyocell processes is promising, based on the development of a viable solvent-recovery step.

In a long development of solvents for cellulose dissolution and fiber spinning, ionic liquids represent the youngest category with great potential both from an environmental and technical point of view. Herein, we report on 1,5‐diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non‐5‐ene‐1‐ium acetate – a nonimidazolium based ionic liquid – as excellent solvent for a wide set of lignocellulosic solutes to prepare composite fibers of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The viscoelastic properties of the polymer solutions that are governed by the cellulosic constituents have to be within defined limits to assure good spinnability. The solutions are processed in a Lyocell‐type dry‐jet wet spinning procedure that allows for a filament draw in the air gap. The draw was found to be a major factor controlling the mechanical properties of the resulting fibers. However, the effect of the draw was dependent on the solute composition. With a high share of cellulose, a small draw led already to high tensile strength and modulus. All fibers showed high tenacities and moduli even when containing a high share of noncellulosics. The elongation at break was affected significantly only at high lignin content. A distinct relationship was found between the cellulose content and the mechanical properties.