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This book explores one of the enduring issues in educational research and one of the challenges for formal education. That is, understanding the relationship between learning in one context, setting or time and a subsequent related learning experience or activity.

Modern colloid chemistry dates from the time of Thomas Graham, who, in 1861, pointed out the differences between molecularly-dispersed or true solutions and solutions of gum, starch, gelatin, silicic acid, etc., which he termed colloidal solutions. From this beginning, the colloid concept has expanded the until now we know that sky above us is blue because of the colloidal particles in the atmosphere, and that the earth beneath us owes many of its properties to its colloid content.The purpose of this investigation was to determine the binding power of colloidal material in the soil and the factors influencing it. Moore, et (5) al, have indicated that the colloidal material is the principal binding material of the soil. Further investigation has not only confirmed this point but also has shown that approximately 95 per cent of the total adsorption of the soil for such substances as malachite green, water vapor and ammonia is due to the soil colloids (Anderson, et al).

Over 450 cores were extracted from roadways throughout Mississippi to provide a realistic picture of mechanical properties in later-age chemically stabilized soil. Cores ranged from 10 to 54 years old and were stabilized with either lime-fly ash, cement, or lime. Indirect tensile strength (IDT), unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and elastic modulus (E) tests were used to quantify mechanical properties. Generally speaking, IDT, UCS, and E values tended not to exceed 250, 1500, and 1,500,000 psi (1724 kPa, 10,342 kPa, and 10,342 MPa), respectively, in pavements over 10 years old. Cores were also compared to mechanical property relationships found in the 1993 AASHTO design guide and the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) and the literature to determine their applicability to later-age pavement properties. Relationships from the literature comparing IDT to UCS were generally good predictors of later-age property relationships; however, relationships between E and UCS were not good predictors of later-age strength as most equations did not account for the decrease in E development over time when compared to UCS. Keywords: cement stabilization; chemically stabilized soil; in-place properties; lime-fly ash stabilization; lime stabilization; mechanistic-empirical pavement design.

Background Patient and public involvement/engagement in research on dementia is not new, but it is becoming increasingly common. The objective of this study was to describe researchers’ knowledge, attitudes, and activities related to engaging people with lived experience of dementia in research, and how these differ by research theme. Methods Data were from an online, anonymous survey of research-ers within the Canadian Consortium on Neurodegeneration in Aging. Results Of the 84 researchers who completed the survey (response rate: 27%), 89% agreed they understood the meaning of en-gaging people with lived experience in research, although this was lower among biomedical researchers. Almost all (93%) agreed that people with lived experience could con-tribute meaningfully to research, and nearly two-thirds were already incorporating engagement in their research. Some engagement practices reported differed by research theme. Irrespective of the type of research they conduct, researchers were most often motivated by improving the relevance and quality of their research. Conclusions These findings support an optimistic outlook for engaging people with lived experience of dementia in research, but identify differences across research themes. Understanding approaches to incorporate, evaluate, and adapt engagement activities across research disciplines are needed to enable researchers, as well as others involved in research, to develop and target strategies for patient and public involvement/en-gagement in research on dementia.

IntroductionOpioids and imaging are considered low-value care for most people with low back pain. Yet around one in three people presenting to the emergency department (ED) will receive imaging, and two in three will receive an opioid. NUDG-ED aims to determine the effectiveness of two different behavioural ‘nudge’ interventions on low-value care for ED patients with low back pain.Methods and analysisNUDG-ED is a 2×2 factorial, open-label, before-after, cluster randomised controlled trial. The trial includes 8 ED sites in Sydney, Australia. Participants will be ED clinicians who manage back pain, and patients who are 18 years or over presenting to ED with musculoskeletal back pain. EDs will be randomly assigned to receive (i) patient nudges, (ii) clinician nudges, (iii) both interventions or (iv) no nudge control. The primary outcome will be the proportion of encounters in ED for musculoskeletal back pain where a person received a non-indicated lumbar imaging test, an opioid at discharge or both. We will require 2416 encounters over a 9-month study period (3-month before period and 6-month after period) to detect an absolute difference of 10% in use of low-value care due to either nudge, with 80% power, alpha set at 0.05 and assuming an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.10, and an intraperiod correlation of 0.09. Patient-reported outcome measures will be collected in a subsample of patients (n≥456) 1 week after their initial ED visit. To estimate effects, we will use a multilevel regression model, with a random effect for cluster and patient, a fixed effect indicating the group assignment of each cluster and a fixed effect of time.Ethics and disseminationThis study has ethical approval from Southwestern Sydney Local Health District Human Research Ethics Committee (2023/ETH00472). We will disseminate the results of this trial via media, presenting at conferences and scientific publications.Trial registration numberACTRN12623001000695.

Game sport and training require repeated high intensity bursts. This study examined differences between high intensity, intermittent work in two phases of the menstrual cycle. Six physically active young women (age 19-29) performed 10 6-s sprints on a cycle ergometer in both the mid-follicular (FP) (days 6-10) and late-luteal phases (LP) (days 20-24) of the menstrual cycle. Work, power, oxygen intake (VO2) parameters, and capillarized blood lactate were measured. Data are analyzed using the Friedman and Wilcoxon matched pairs tests. There was no difference between menstrual phases in peak 6-s power (6.8(0.6) W kg(-1) in FP, 6.9(0.6) W kg(-1) in LP), the drop off in work (1.2(3.5) J kg(-1) in FP and 1.0(2.7) J kg(-1) in LP), or in the sprint VO2 (23.7(1.5) mL kg(-1) min(-1) in LP and 24.3(2.4) mL kg(-1) min(-1) in FP). Capillarized blood lactate was also similar in both phases of the menstrual cycle both at 1 min (9.2(2.7) mmol L(-1) in FP, 9.2(3.1) mmol L(-1)) and at 3 min (9.0(2.2) mmol L(-1) in FP, 9.2(2.2) mmol L(-1) in LP). However, the average 6-s work was greater in the LP (39.3(3.4) J kg(-1)) than during the FP (38.3(3.1) J kg(-1)) (P=0.023). The recovery VO2 was also greater in the LP than the FP (26.3(2.4) mL kg(-1) min(-1) in LP, 25.0(2.6) mL kg(-1) min(-1) in FP, P=0.023). Average work over a series of sprints and the VO2 consumed between sprints may be slightly greater during the LP than the FP of the menstrual cycle.